Oxygen, the breath of life : boon and bane in human health, disease, and therapy / by Olen R. Brown. -- Sharjah : Bentham Science Publishers, 2017. – (63.425/B879)

Contents

FOREWORD  i

PREFACE  iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  iv

DEDICATION  v

CHAPTER 1  OXYGEN: ORIGIN IN THE UNIVERSE AND BRIEF CHEMISTRY  3

     INTRODUCTION  4

     OXYGEN IN THE UNIVERSE  5

     OXYGEN AND OXYGEN RADICAL CHEMISTRY IN BRIEF  13

     NOTES    22

     REFERENCES  23

CHAPTER 2  OXYGEN: ESSENTIAL ROLE IN LIFE  25

     INTRODUCTION  25

     CELLULAR RESPIRATION  27

     OXIDATION-REDUCTION AND FUTILE CYCLES    32

     ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE  34

     THE CYTOCHROME SYSTEM IN MORE DETAIL  36

     MEMBRANES AND ATP PRODUCTION  38

     ESSENTIAL OXYGEN  40

     CONCLUDING REMARKS  49

     NOTES  50

     REFERENCES  51

CHAPTER 3  DISCOVERY AND HISTORY OF OXYGEN  54

     DISCOVERY OF OXYGEN  54

     HISTORY OF OXYGEN  68

     NOTES  75

     REFERENCES  76

CHAPTER 4  OXYGEN GENERATION BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS  78

     BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN  79

     CARBON DIOXIDE AS A GREENHOUSE GAS  98

     A DIFFERENT APPROACH FOR YOUR CONSIDERATION  102

     TOXICITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE  119

     NOTES  121

     REFERENCES  121

CHAPTER 5  OXYGEN, VITAL ELEMENT IN WATER    124

     INTRODUCTION    124

     WATER, A SMALL BUT UNUSUAL MOLECULE  125

     THE BLUE (AND RED) SKY    127

     WATER VAPOR AND CLOUD FORMATION  131

     WATER EXPANDS AS IT FREEZES  132

     BOILING AND FREEZING POINTS OF WATER    134

     SURFACE TENSION  134

     THE WATER CYCLE  135,

     LATENT HEAT OF WATER  137

     SNOWFLAKE FORMATION  138

     REACTIONS INVOLVING WATER  140

     THALES: ALL MATTER BEGINS WITH WATER  141

     NOTES  144

     REFERENCES  145

CHAPTER 6  OXYGEN THERAPY, THE EARLY YEARS  147

     INTRODUCTION  148

     HISTORY OF OXYGEN AS THERAPY  148

     NOTES  177

     REFERENCES  178

CHAPTER 7  OXYGEN BIOLOGY, BOON AND BANE  181

     INTRODUCTION  182

     MECHANISMS OF OXYGEN TOXICITY AND OXIDANT DEFENSES  185

     SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, THE START OF SOMETHING NEW  187

     OXYGEN TOXICITY DISCOVERIES IN THE 1970S  189

     OXYGEN TOXICITY DISCOVERIES IN THE 1980S  196

     OXYGEN TOXICITY DISCOVERIES IN THE 1990S  203

     OXYGEN TOXICITY DISCOVERIES IN THE 2000S  207

     NOTES  211

     REFERENCES  211

CHAPTER 8  OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO LUNG TO BLOOD TO SPARK OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE BRAIN  215

     INTRODUCTION  216

     THE LUNG  216

     THE CIRCULATION  222

     THE RED BLOOD CELL  222

     OXYGEN IN MITOCHONDRIA  237

     OXYGEN IN THE BRAIN  239

     NOTES  241

     REFERENCES  241

CHAPTER 9  OXYGEN: PARKINSON'S, ALZHEIMER'S, HUNTINGTON'S  243

     INTRODUCTION  244

     OXIDANT STRESS  245

     PARKINSON'S DISEASE  245

     ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE  257

     HUNTINGTON'S  266

     NOTES  272

     REFERENCES  272

CHAPTER 10  OXIDANT STRESS: CARDIOVASCULAR AND LUNG DISEASE, EXERCISE, AND AGING  280

     INTRODUCTION  281

     OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE  282

     OXIDANT STRESS AND LUNG DISEASE  293

     OXIDANT STRESS, EXERCISE AND AGING  299

     OXIDANT STRESS AND AGING  304

     NOTES  311

     REFERENCES  311

CHAPTER 11  OXYGEN: THE FUTURE  316

     INTRODUCTION    317

     FRONTIER OF PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY OF OXYGEN  317

     RECREATIONAL USES OF OXYGEN  319

     OXYGEN AS THERAPY  323

     OXYGEN: UNDERSEA HABITATS AND UNDERSEA CITIES  325

     SIMULATION ON EARTH: BIOSPHERE 2    332

    ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS  333

     MICROMOTORS PROPELLED BY OXYGEN BUBBLES  338

     OXYGEN AND OUTER SPACE COLONIES  342

     OXYGEN AND LONGEVITY  345

     NOTES  346

     REFERENCES  346

SUBJECT INDEX  349