New concepts in stroke diagnosis and therapy / edited by Alberto Radaelli ... [et al]. -- Sharjah : Bentham Science Publishers, 2017. – (64.152/N532)

Contents

FOREWORD  i

PREFACE 1  ii

PREFACE 2  iii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS  iv

CHAPTER 1  STROKE AND HYPERTENSION  3

     INTRODUCTION  3

     STROKE EPIDEMIOLOGY    5

     PATHOPHISIOLOGY OF BRAIN VASCULAR DAMAGE INDUCED BY HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE  6

     RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND RISK OF STROKE  8

     HYPERTENSION THERAPY' AND CEREBROVASCULAR DAMAGE PREVENTION  9

     EVIDENCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREATMENT OF OTHER ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AND STROKE PREVENTION  17

     IS THERE A NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM BLOCKADE?  19

     CONCLUSION  19

     TAKE HOME MESSAGES  20

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  20

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  20

     REFERENCES  20

CHAPTER 2  AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION AND RISK OF STROKE  26

     INTRODUCTION  27

     CONCLUSION  44

     TAKE HOME MESSAGES  45

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  45

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS    45

     REFERENCE  45

CHAPTER 3  STROKE AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS    57

     1. INTRODUCTION  57

     2. INNATE IMMUNE CELLS AND THEIR REGULATION IN THE CNS  59

     3. TLRS: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND EXPRESSION IN CNS  61

     4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STROKE  63

     5. ROLE OF TLRS IN ISCHEMIC EVENTS   67

     6. TLR TARGETING AS A PROMISING THERAPY IN CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA  69

     CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS    70

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE    71

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  71

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS    71

     REFERENCES  71

CHAPTER 4  INTRACEREBRAL BLEEDING AND ORAL ANTICOAGULANT THERAPIES: CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND MANAGEMENT  85

     1. VKA-ASSOCIATED CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGES  86

     2. NON VITAMIN K ANTICOAGULANTS ASSOCIATED CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGES  92

     CONCLUSION  104

     TAKE HOME MESSAGES  104

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  105

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  105

     REFERENCES  105

CHAPTER 5  CEREBRAL COLLATERAL CIRCULATION IN ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE: TRANSLATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR OUTCOME PREDICTION AND MODULATION STRATEGIES  112

     INTRODUCTION    113

     CONCLUSION  124

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  124

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  124

     DISCLOSURE  125

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  125

     REFERENCES  125

CHAPTER 6  LIFE IN THE PENUMBRA WITH THE BRODERICK PROBE  131

     INTRODUCTION  133

     METHODS  138

     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  144

     SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION  152

     NOTES FOR TABLE 2    158

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  167

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  167

     REFERENCES  167

CHAPTER 7  ON THE INFLUENCE OF NORMALIZATION STRATEGIES FOR PERFUSION MRI IN ACUTE STROKE  176

     INTRODUCTION    176

     SUBJECTS AND METHODS  179

     RESULTS  183

    DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  185

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  187

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  187

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  187

     REFERENCES  187

CHAPTER 8  GENETIC CAUSES OF ISCHEMIC STROKE  191

    INTRODUCTION  191

     MONOGENIC STROKE DISORDERS  192

    CONCLUSION  205

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  206

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  206

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  206

     REFERENCES  206

CHAPTER 9  DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES: CRYPTOGENIC ISCHEMIC STROKE  216

     ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: PREVALENCE AND THROMBOEMBOLIC RISK  217

     MECHANISM OF THROMBOSIS AND THROMBO-EMBOLI IN NON-VALVULAR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION  218

     CRYPTOGENIC STROKE AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION  221

     CONCLUSION  227

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  228

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  228

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  228

     REFERENCES  228

CHAPTER 10  EMERGING CONCEPTS FOR NEUROPROTECTION  233

     INTRODUCTION  234

     CONCLUSION    245

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  245

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  246

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   246

     REFERENCES  246

CHAPTER 11  PHARMACOLOGICAL AND ENDOVASCULAR RECANALIZATION THERAPY  250

     INTRODUCTION  250

     CONCLUSION  263

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  264

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  264

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

     REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12  NEUROREGENERATION AFTER STROKE  270

     INTRODUCTION  270

     CONCLUSION  289

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  290

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  290

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  290

     REFERENCES  290

CHAPTER 13  POST-STROKE REHABILITATION  300

     POST-STROKE REHABILITATION: ACUTE PHASE MANAGEMENT  301

     POST-STROKE REHABILITATION: SUB-ACUTE PHASE MANAGEMENT  308

    POST-STROKE REHABILITATION: CHRONIC PHASE MANAGEMENT  314

     WHAT'S NEW IN STROKE REHABILITATION  316

    CONCLUSION  321

     TAKE HOME MESSAGE  322

     CONFLICT OF INTEREST  322

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  322

     REFERENCES  323

SUBJECT INDEX  331