Gene regulation, epigenetics and hormone signaling. volume 2 / edited by Subhrangsu S. Mandal. -- Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH, 2017. – (58.1484/G326/v.2)

Contents

Volume II

11      Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Signaling and Action  329

11.1    Introduction 329

11.2    Nuclear Hormone Receptor Superfamily  330

11.3    Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Isoforms  332

11.4    Mechanisms of Estrogen and Progesterone Signaling  334

11.5    Integration of Membrane and Nuclear Signaling  338

11.6    Coregulators of Estrogen and Progesterone Signaling  338

11.7    Convergence of ER and PR Signaling Mechanisms: Focus on the Brain  342

11.8    Conclusion  345

        References  345

12      Gonadal Steroid Hormones and Brain Protection  355

12.1    Introduction  355

12.2    The Protective Effects of Estrogens on the Brain  355

12.3    The Protective Effects of Progesterone on the Brain  356

12.4    The Protective Effects of Androgens in the Brain  359

12.5    Clinical Studies of Estrogens in Alzheimer's Disease  361

12.6    Clinical Studies Addressing the Protective Effects of Progesterone and Related Progestins  362

12.7    Clinical Studies Addressing the Potential Beneficial Effects of Androgens  364

12.8    Conclusions  365

        References  366

13      Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Signaling and Stress Metabolism  377

13.1    Introduction  377

13.2    Gene Regulation  378

13.3    Metabolism  385

13.4    The HPA Axis  389

13.5    Conclusion  393

        References  394

14      Targeting Androgen Signaling in Prostate Cancer  399

14.1    Introduction  399

14.2    Disease States of Metastatic Prostate Cancer  400

14.3    Androgens and Androgen Receptor  401

14.4    Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Cancer  404

14.5    Prostate Cancer Progression  405

14.6    Prostate Cancer Drugs  407

14.7    Future of Prostate Cancer Therapy  411

14.8    Conclusion  412

        References  412

15      Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Inflammation and Angiogenesis  417

15.1    Introduction  417

15.2    PPARα(NR1C1)  432

15.3    PPARβ/δ(NR1C2) 436

15.4    PPARγ (NR1C3) 439

15.5    Concluding Remarks  443

        References  444

16      RAR/RXR-Mediated Signaling  457

16.1    Introduction  457

16.2    Vitamin A Receptors and Their Response Elements  457

16.3    Transcriptional RAR/RXR Signaling: The Standard Model and Recent Discoveries  463

16.4    Regulation of RAR Signaling: Ligand Synthesis and Metabolism  468

16.5    Regulation of RAR Signaling: The Role of Binding Proteins  474

16.6    Regulation of RAR Signaling: Receptor Expression, Modification, and Degradation  479

16.7    Transrepression and Crosstalk with Other Transcription Factors  482

16.8    Nongenomic Mechanisms of RA/RAR Signaling  485

16.9    The Role of Retinoid Binding Proteins in Phototransduction  488

16.10   Retinoic acid-Regulated Genes  490

16.11   Conclusion  493

        List of Abbreviations and Symbols  495

        References  496

17      On the Trail of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Epigenetics  511

17.1    Introduction  511

17.2    Overview of Thyroid Hormone Action  517

17.3    Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation of Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone-Specific Nuclear Receptors  526

17.4    Nongenomic Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones  530

17.5    Conclusion  533

        References  534

18      Insulin Signaling, Epigenetics, and Human Diseases  541

18.1    Introduction to Epigenetics  541

18.2    Types of Epigenetic Modifications  542

18.3    Epigenetic Links to Endocrine System  545

18.4    Insulin  546

18.5    Insulin Signaling  552

18.6    Insulin Receptor  553

18.7    Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS)  555

18.8    The PI(3)K Pathway   556

18.9    The Ras Pathway  559

18.10   Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Derangements  560

18.11   Conclusion  564

        Acknowledgment  565

        Abbreviations  565

        Function of the Genes Discussed in this Chapter  566

        References  567

19      Endocrine Disruptors and Epigenetics  577

19.1    Introduction  577

19.2    Endocrine Disruptors  582

19.3    Associated Diseases  586

19.4    Endocrine Disruptors and Development of Transgenerational Disease  596

19.5    Discussion  597

       References  597

20      Endocrine Disruptors: Mechanism of Action and Impacts on Health and Environment  607

20.1    Introduction  607

20.2    Mechanism of Action of EDC  611

20.3    Bisphenol A (BPA) and its Health Impacts  613

20.4    Diethylstilbestrol (DES)  616

20.5    Atrazine  619

20.6    Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)  620

20.7    Phthalates  621

20.8    Phytoestrogens  622

20.9    Methoxychlor  624

20.10   Dioxins: An Environmental Contaminant  625

20.11   Conclusion  626

        Acknowledgments  627

        Abbreviations  627

        References  628

        Index  639