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Building brains : an introduction to neural development / David J. Price, Andrew P. Jarman, John O. Mason and Peter C. Kind. -- Second edition -- Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., c2018. – (59.59/P945/2nd ed.) |
Contents
Preface
to Second Edition xi
Preface
to First Edition xiii
Conventions
and Commonly used Abbreviations xv
Introduction xix
About
the Companion Website xxiii
1 Models and Methods for Studying Neural
Development 1
1.1 What
is neural development? 1
1.2 Why
research neural development? 2
1.3
Major breakthroughs that have contributed to understanding developmental
mechanisms 4
1.4
Invertebrate model organisms 5
1.5
Vertebrate model organisms 11
1.6
Observation and experiment: methods for studying neural development 23
1.7 Summary 24
2 The Anatomy of Developing Nervous
Systems 25
2.1 The
nervous system develops from the embryonic neuroectoderm 25
2.2
Anatomical terms used to describe locations in embryos 26
2.3
Development of the neuroectoderm of invertebrates 27
2.4 Development
of the neuroectoderm of vertebrates and the process of neurulation 30
2.5
Secondary neurulation in vertebrates 47
2.6
Formation of invertebrate and vertebrate peripheral nervous systems 47
2.7
Summary 52
3 Neural Induction: An Example of How Intercellular
Signalling Determines Cell Fates 53
3.1 What
is neural induction? 53
3.2
Specification and commitment 54
3.3 The
discovery of neural induction 54
3.4 A
more recent breakthrough: identifying molecules that mediate neural
induction 56
3.5
Conservation of neural induction mechanisms in Drosophila 58
3.6
Beyond the default model - other signalling pathways involved in neural
induction 59
3.7
Signal transduction: how cells respond to intercellular signals 64
3.8
Intercellular signalling regulates gene expression 65
3.9 The
essence of development: a complex interplay of intercellular and intracellular
signalling 75
3.10
Summary 75
4 Patterning the Neuroectoderm 77
4.1
Regional patterning of the nervous system
77
4.2
Patterning the anteroposterior (AP) axis of the Drosophila CNS 81
4.3
Patterning the AP axis of the vertebrate CNS
86
4.4
Local patterning in Drosophila: refining neural patterning within segments 91
4.5
Local patterning in the vertebrate nervous system 97
4.6
Summary 103
5 Neurogenesis: Generating Neural Cells 105
5.1
Generating neural cells 105
5.2
Neurogenesis in Drosophila 106
5.3
Neurogenesis in vertebrates 107
5.4 The
regulation of neuronal subtype identity
114
5.5 The
regulation of cell proliferation during neurogenesis 117
5.6
Temporal regulation of neural identity
124
5.7 Why
do we need to know about neurogenesis?
133
5.8
Summary 133
6 How Neurons Develop Their Shapes 135
6.1
Neurons form two specialized types of outgrowth
135
6.2 The
growing neurite 138
6.3
Stages of neurite outgrowth 141
6.4
Neurite outgrowth is influenced by a neuron's surroundings 143
6.5
Molecular responses in the growth cone
145
6.6
Active transport along the axon is important for outgrowth 149
6.7 The
developmental regulation of neuronal polarity
149
6.8
Dendrites 153
6.9
Summary 156
7
Neuronal Migration 157
7.1 Many
neurons migrate long distances during formation of the nervous system 157
7.2 How
can neuronal migration be observed? 157
7.3
Major modes of migration 164
7.4
Initiation of migration 169
7.5 How
are migrating cells guided to their destinations? 170
7.6
Locomotion 176
7.7
Journey's end - termination of migration
179
7.8
Embryonic cerebral cortex contains both radially and tangentially migrating
cells 182
7.9
Summary 184
8 Axon
Guidance 185
8.1 Many
axons navigate long and complex routes
185
8.2
Contact guidance 190
8.3
Guidance of axons by diffusible cues- chemotropism 194
8.4 How
do axons change their behaviour at choice points? 199
8.5 How
can such a small number of cues guide such a large number of axons? 207
8.6 Some
axons form specific connections over very short distances, probably using
different mechanisms 209
8.7 The
growth cone has autonomy in its ability to respond to guidance cues 209
8.8
Transcription factors regulate axon guidance decisions 211
8.9
Summary 212
9 Life
and Death in the Developing Nervous System
215
9.1 The
frequency and function of cell death during normal development 215
9.2
Cells die in one of two main ways: apoptosis or necrosis 217
9.3
Studies in invertebrates have taught us much about how cells kill
themselves 219
9.4 Most
of the genes that regulate programmed cell death in C. elegans are conserved in
vertebrates 222
9.5 Examples
of neurodevelopmental processes in which programmed cell death plays a
prominent role 224
9.6
Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of cell survival and death 232
9.7 A
role for electrical activity in regulating programmed cell death 235
9.8
Summary 237
10 Map
Formation 239
10.1
What are maps? 239
10.2
Types of maps 239
10.3
Principles of map formation 243
10.4
Development of coarse maps: cortical areas
246
10.5
Development of fine maps: topographic
248
10.6
Inputs from multiple structures: when maps collide 253
10.7
Development of feature maps 261
10.8
Summary 264
11
Maturation of Functional Properties 265
11.1
Neurons are excitable ceils 266
11.2
Neuronal excitability during development
271
11.3
Developmental processes regulated by neuronal excitability 275
11.4
Synaptogenesis 277
11.5
Spinogenesis 286
11.6
Summary 293
12
Experience-Dependent Development 295
12.1
Effects of experience on visual system development 296
12.2 How
does experience change functional connectivity?
307
12.3
Cellular basis of plasticity: development of inhibitory networks 322
12.4
Homeostatic plasticity 324
12.5
Structural plasticity and the role of the extracellular matrix 327
12.6
Summary 328
Glossary 329
Index 349
