Neuropsychiatric disorders and epigenetics / edited by DagYasui, Jacob Peedicayil, Dennis Grayson. -- Boston, MA : Elsevier, c2016 .—(64.1 /N494)

Contents

List of Contributors  xv

Preface  xix

SECTION I  NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND EPIGENETICS: GENERAL ASPECTS

CHAPTER 1  Introduction to Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics  3

1.1 Introduction  3

1.2 Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Disorders  4

1.3 Historical Outline of Neuropsychiatric Disorders  4

1.4 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics  5

1.5 Epigenetics and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Translational Aspects  6

Abbreviation  6

Glossary  6

Acknowledgment  7

References  7

CHAPTER 2 Environmental Factors and Epigenetics of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2.1 Introduction: Gene X Environment Interactions Revisited

2.2 The Epigenetic Dimension of Neuroplasticity

2.3 What are Molecular Epigenetic Mechanisms?

2.4 ELA as a Major Risk Factor for Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2.5 The Stress System as a Mediator of ELA

2.6 Epigenetic Programming of the Stress System

2.7 Epigenetic Programming of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides by ELA

2.8 Epigenetic Programming of the HPA Axis by Early Nutrition

2.9 Other Epigenetic Aspects of Nutritional Effects on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2.10 Therapeutic Prospects  27

Abbreviations  28

Glossary  29

Acknowledgment  29

References  29

CHAPTER 3 Epigenetic Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Schizophrenia

3.3 Bipolar Disorder

3.4 Major Depressive Disorder

3.5 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Glossary

Acknowledgments

References

SECTION II  EPIGENETICS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

CHAPTER 4 Epigenetics and Cognitive Disorders--Translational Aspects  09

4.1 Introduction: Epigenetics and Cognitive Disorders

4.2 DNA Methylation and Historic Tail Modifications

4.3 Epigenetic Changes in Alzheimer's Disease

4.4 Epigenetic Changes in Parkinson's Disease

4.4.1 DNA Methylation in Parkinson's Disease

4.4.2 Histone Tail Modifications in Parkinson's Disease

4.5 Epigenetic Changes in Huntington's Disease

4.6 Epigenetic Drugs

4.7 Natural Compounds Exerting Epigenetic Properties

4.8 Manipulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

4.9 Manipulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

4.10 Manipulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease

4.11 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Glossary

References

CHAPTER 5 Epigenetics in Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Translational Aspects  93

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Epidemiological Understanding of PDD

5.3 Genetic Understanding of PDD

5.4 Epigenetic Abnormalities in Congenital PDD

5.5 Updated Understanding of Rett Syndrome

5.6 Acquired Epigenetic Changes Associated With PDD..

5.7 Conclusions  100

Glossary

References.

CHAPTER 6 Epigenetic Causes of Intellectual Disability--the Fragile X Syndrome Paradigm

6.1 Introduction  107

6.2 Fragile X Syndrome  109

6.3 The FMRI Gene and the FMRP Protein  111

6.4 Different Transcripts at the FMR1 Locus    114

6.5 Epigenetic Modifications of the FMR1 Locus and the Enigma of Unmethylated Full Mutation Alleles  116

6.6 Translational Strategies  118

Abbreviations  121

References  122

CHAPTER 7 Epigenetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Results of Epigenetic Studies of ADHD

7.3 Discussion

7.4 Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

CHAPTER 8 The Epigenetics of Brain Aging and Psychiatric Disorders

8.1 Epigenetics

8.2 Epigenetics of Brain Aging

8.3 Epigenetics of Psychiatric Disorders

8.4 Intervention and Pharmacology of Epigenetics in Brain Aging and Psychiatric Disorders

8.5 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Glossary

References

CHAPTER 9 Epigenetics and Down Syndrome

9.1 Introduction: Epigenetics has been Largely Neglected in Down Syndrome

9.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms Affect Learning and Memory

9.3 Altered DNA Methylation is Associated With DS

9.4 Altered Histone Modifications are Associated With DS

9.5 Epigenetics in DS: A Link to Alzheimer's Disease?

9.6 Epigenetic Therapy May Alleviate Cognitive Deficits in DS

9.7 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Glossary

Acknowledgments

References

CHAPTER 10 Epigenetics and Multiple Sclerosis

10.1 Multiple Sclerosis: Introduction

10.2 Overview of Epigenetic Studies Performed in MS

10.3 Challenges in Epigenetic Studies

10.4 Potential Roles of Epigenetic Changes in MS

10.5 Utility of Epigenetics in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of MS

10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Abbreviations

Glossary

References

CHAPTER 11  Epigenetics and Migraine  215

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Genetic Vulnerability to Migraine

11.3 Homocysteine and Migraine

11.4 Estrogen and Migraine

11.5 Calcitonin and Migraine

11.6 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Migraine

11.7 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Glossary

References

CHAPTER 12 The Role of Epigenetics in the Pathophysiology of Epilepsy  233

12.1 Introduction  233

12.9 General Overview of Epilepsy and its Basic Mechanisms  234

12.3 Epigenetic Modifications in Epilepsy  240

12.4 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy  251

12.5 Conclusions  252

Abbreviations  252

Glossary  254

Acknowledgments  254

References  255

CHAPTER 13 Epigenetic Dysregulation in Brain Tumors and Neurodevelopment

13.1 Introduction  261

13.2 Epigenetic Dysregulation in Pediatric Tumors  263

13.3 Epigenetic Dysregulation in Adult Tumors  266

13.4 Tumor Cell of Origin and Epigenetics  269

13.5 Emerging Epigenetic Therapies  269

13.6 Epimutations and Neurocognitive Dysfunction Versus Carcinogenesis    269

13.7 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Brain Tumors  270

13.8 Conclusions  270

Abbreviations  271

Glossary  271

References  271

CHAPTER 14 Epigenetics and Cerebrovascular Diseases  277

14.1 Cerebrovascular Diseases--Introduction  278

14.2 Vascular Stroke Risk Factors  279

14.3 Intermediate Phenotypes  279

14.4 Genetic Risk Factors and Stroke  280

14.5 Monogenic Causes of Stroke  280

14.6 Stroke as a Complex Polygenic Disorder  281

14.7 Evidence for Epigenetics in Stroke  282

14.8 DNA Methylation and Stroke  283

14.9 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine and Stroke  285

14.10 Histones and Stroke  285

14.11 Noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and Stroke  286

14.12 Modifiable Stroke Risk Factors and Epigenetics  287

14.13 Epigenetics of Atherosclerosis  287

14.14 Epigenetics of Hypertension  288

14.15 Epigenetics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus  288

14.16 Epigenetics of Hyperlipidemia and Obesity  289

14.17 Epigenetics of Atrial Fibrillation  289

14.18 Epigenetics and Cigarette Smoking  290

14.19 Epigenetics and Nutrition  290

14.20 Tissue Specificity: Which is the Best Tissue for Studying Stroke Epigenetics?  291

14.21 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Cerebrovascular Diseases  291

14.22 Conclusions  292

Abbreviations  293

Glossary  293

References  294

CHAPTER 15 Epigenetics and Eating Disorders  299

15.1 Introduction  299

15.2 Developmental Risk Factors  300

15.3 Effects of Malnutrition and Energy Restriction  301

15.4 Epigenetic Alterations in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa  302

15.5 Conclusions: An Epigenetically Informed Model of Eating Disorders

Abbreviations

Glossary

References

CHAPTER 16 Epigenetics and Obesity

16.1 Introduction  309

16.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms  310

16.3 DNA Methylation  311

16.4 Histone Modification  312

16.5 Normal Developmental Epigenetic Processes  313

16.6 Developmental Origins of Obesity  313

16.7 Genetic Imprinting Disorders Associated With Obesity  314

16.8 Genetic Associations With Obesity  316

16.9 Epigenetic Control of Metabolism and Obesity Associated Genes  316

16.10 Metabolic Regulation by Histone Modifying Enzymes  317

16.11 Metabolic Pathway Connections to Epigenetic Mechanisms  318

16.12 Hypothalamic Regulation of Energy Balance  319

16.13 Epigenetic Programming of Hypothalamic Dysfunction by Perinatal Malnutrition

16.14 Hypothalamic Epigenetic Targets Associated With Obesity

16.15 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Dysfunction in Obesity

16.16 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Obesity

16.17 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Glossary

References

CHAPTER 17 Epigenetics and Drug Addiction: Translational Aspects  335

17.1 Introduction: Drug Addiction, Reward Pathway, and Epigenetics  335

17.2 Histone Modifications in Addiction  338

17.3 Genome-Wide Mapping of Histone Modifications in Addiction  342

17.4 DNA Modifications in Addiction  346

17.5 Genome-Wide Mapping of DNA Modifications in Addiction    350

17.6 Translational Future of Epigenetic Studies in Addiction Research  351

Abbreviations  353

Glossary    354

Acknowledgment  354

References  355

CHAPTER 18 Epigenetics and Alcohol Use Disorders

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Histone Modifications

18.3 DNA Methylation

18.4 MicroRNAs

18.5 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

References

SECTION III SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

CHAPTER 19 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics: Summary and Outlook  401

19.1 Introduction  401

19.2 Differing Roles of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Different Neuropsychiatric Disorders  402

19.3 Epigenetics of Nonneuronal Cells in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

19.4 Long Noncoding RNAs and Neuropsychiatric Disorders  403

19.5 Future Strategies in the Epigenetics of Neuropsychiatric Disorders  404

Abbreviations  404

Glossary  405

References  405

Index