The rewiring brain : a computational approach to structural plasticity in the adult brain / edited by Arjen van Ooyen, Markus Butz-Ostendorf. -- Cambridge : Elsevier, c2017 .—(59.597 /R454)

Contents

List of Contributors  xi

Editorial  xiii

I  EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND

1. Structural Plasticity and Cortical Connectivity

1 Introduction  4

2 The Role of Structural Synaptic Plasticity in Hebb's Theory of Cell Assemblies

3 Structural Plasticity Following Enriched Experience  6

4 Structural Plasticity Following Sensory Deprivation or Stimulation  7

5 Structural Plasticity in learning and Memory  9

6 Structural Plasticity and Long-Term Functional Synaptic Plasticity  10

7 Activity-Dependent and -Independent Structural Synaptic Plasticity  12

8 Structural Plasticity and Cortical Connectivity  13

9 Future Perspectives  18

Acknowledgments  19

References  19

Further Reading  26

2. Structural Plasticity Induced by Adult Neurogenesis

1 Introduction  27

2 Structural Rewiring Induced by Adult Neurogenesis: Anatomical and Morphological Evidence  28

3 Newborn Neurons Promote Their Own Integration: Electrophysiological Evidence  33

4 Local Microenvironments Support Ongoing Neuronal Integration  35

5 Synaptic Rewiring by New Neurons: Balancing the Firing Budget  37

6 Conclusion  43

Acknowledgment 43

References  43

3. Structural Neural Plasticity During Stroke Recovery

1 Introduction  49

2 Animal Models of Stroke  50

3 Axonal Sprouting and Rewiring Connections  51

4 Dendritic Arbor Remodeling  57

5 Dendritic Spine Plasticity  61

6 Perspectives and Future Directions  64

References  66

4. Is Lesion-Induced Synaptic Rewiring Driven by Activity Homeostasis?

1 Introduction  72

2 Current View and Limitations  72

3 Homeostatic Structural Plasticity  74

4 In Vitro Indications for Homeostatic Structural Plasticity  75

5 In Vivo Indications for Homeostatic Structural Plasticity  78

6 Experimental Testing of Homeostatic Structural Plasticity  82

7 Discussion  83

8 Conclusion  86

References  86

II  HOMEOSTATIC STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY

5. Network Formation Through Activity-Dependent Neurite Outgrowth: A Review of a Simple Model of Homeostatic Structural Plasticity

1 Introduction  96

2 Model  97

3 Results  99

4 Discussion  112

References  116

6. Clustered Arrangement of Inhibitory Neurons Can Lead to Oscillatory Dynamics in a Model of Activity-Dependent Structural Plasticity

1 Introduction  124

2 Model  126

3 Model Implementation  127

4 Methods  128

5 Results  130

6 Discussion  144

Acknowledgment  153

References  153

7. A Detailed Model of Homeostatic Structural Plasticity Based on Dendritic Spine and Axonal Bouton Dynamics

1 Introduction  155

2 Model  157

3 Model Results  165

4 Discussion  170

References  172

8. Critical Periods Emerge from Homeostatic Structural Plasticity in a Full-Scale Model of the Developing Cortical Column

1  Introduction  178

2  MSP in a Nutshell  179

3  MSP Implementation in NEST  180

4  Critical Periods in a Self-Organizing Two-Population Network  182

5  Inhibition Triggers the Onset of Critical Periods  183

6  Growing a Virtual Cortical Column from Scratch  183

7  Low Target Activity Levels Impose Pronounced Synaptic Rewiring  183

8  Comparison Between Self-Organizing and Reconstructed Connectivity  187

9  Scalability Limitation of MSP  188

10 A Scalable Algorithm for MSP  189

11 Results of the Scalable Algorithm  193

12 Discussion  198

13 Conclusion  200

Acknowledgments 200

References  200

9. Lesion-Induced Dendritic Remodeling as a New Mechanism of Homeostatic Structural Plasticity in the Adult Brain

1 Introduction  204

2 Model  206

3 Results  208

4 Discussion  209

5 Future Experimental Studies  211

6 Future Modeling Studies  211

7 A General Principle for Homeostatic Dendritic Plasticity  212

8 Potential Synergy With Homeostatic Structural Plasticity of the Axon Initial Segment  213

9 Clinical Relevance  214

Acknowledgments  214

References  214

III  STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY AND CONNECTIVITY

10. The Role of Structural Plasticity in Producing Nonrandom Neural Connectivity

1 Introduction  222

2 Details of Our Model  226

3 Behavior of the Trained Network  231

4 Structural Plasticity Produces Highly Interconnected Assemblies of Functionally Similar Ceils  234

5 Differences in Network Topography Across Structural Plasticity Mechanisms  237

6 Changes in the Connectivity Pattern Impact the Distribution of Connection Strengths  240

7 Discussion  242

Summary 243

References  243

11. Structural Plasticity and the Generation of Bidirectional Connectivity

1 Introduction  247

2 Self-Organization of Recurrent Cortical Wiring  248

3 Topology, the Jensen Inequality, mad Bidirectional Connections  250

4 A Markov Model of Competing Connectivity Biases  252

5 Bidirectional Connections in the Presence of Inhibitory STDP  255

6 Discussion  257

References  259

12. Spike Timing-Dependent Structural Plasticity of Multicontact Synaptic Connections

I Introduction  261

2 Local Correlation Detection  262

3 Connections Made of Multiple Contacts  264

4 STDP Model of Spine Plasticity and Turnover  267

5 Discussion  269

Acknowledgments  271

References  271

13. Selection of Synaptic Connections by Wiring Plasticity for Robust Learning by Synaptic Weight Plasticity

1 Introduction  276

2 Model  277

3 Results  283

4 Discussion  288

Acknowledgment  290

References  290

IV  STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY AND LEARNING AND MEMORY

14. Within a Spine's Reach

1 Introduction  295

2 Microstructural Plasticity: Spine Dynamics and the Making and Breaking of Synaptic Connections  296

3 What Is Within a Spine's Reach?  298

4 Distributed Versus Clustered Inputs  299

5 Experimental Tests of the Predictions of the Input Clustering Hypothesis  301

6 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Driving Input Cluster Formation  305

7 Future Experimental Studies  306

8 Future Modeling Studies 309

References  312

15. Impact of Structural Plasticity on Memory Capacity

1 Introduction  320

2 Forms of Structural Plasticity  320

3 Computational Models of Structural Plasticity and Memory Formation  326

4 Discussion 334

Acknowledgment  337

References  337

16. Long-Term Information Storage by the Interaction of Synaptic and Structural Plasticity

1  Introduction  344

2  Model  347

3  Connectivity Emerging from the Interaction of Synaptic and Structural Plasticity  347

4  Necessary Conditions to Yield a Bimodal Distribution of the Number of Synapses  349

5  Stimulation-Dependent Changes of the Stationary Connectivity  350

6  Generalization of the Model for Investigating Dynamics  351

7  Information Retention at the Biological Working Point  352

8  Information Retention at Altered Stimulation Levels 354

9  Information Can Be Stored Faster Than It Decays  355

10 Discussion  357

References  359

17. Impact of Structural Plasticity on Memory Formation and Decline

1 Introduction  361

2 Modeling Framework  363

3 Results  369

4 Discussion  379

References  383

V  NEUROGENESIS-RELATED STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY

18. Adult Neurogenesis and Synaptic Rewiring in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyms

1 Introduction  390

2 Experimental Study  390

3 Results of Experimental Study  392

4 Computational Model  392

5 Results of Computational Model  398

6 Discussion  401

References  405

19. Modifications in Network Structure and Excitability May Drive Differential, Activity-Dependent Integration of Granule Cells into Dentate Gyms Circuits During Normal and Pathological Adult Neurogenesis

1 Introduction  410

2 Structure and Integration Sequence into Healthy DG Networks  410

3 Pathological Integration of Newly Born Neurons and Its Functional Correlates  411

4 Understanding Network Driven Effects of Neuronal Incorporation During Adult Neurogenesis  412

5 Cellular Correlates of Integration Patterns of New Cells into DG Circuits  418

6 Discussion  421

Acknowledgments  421

References  422

20. Computational Perspectives on Adult Neurogenesis

1 Introduction  425

2 The Addition of New Neurons Into ANNs  427

3 Biological Context of Neurogenesis  429

4. Anatomically Constrained Computational Models of Neurogenesis  431

5 Challenges Facing Neurogenesis Model Simulation and Description  434

6 N2A: A Neural Modeling Framework With Support for Structural Plasticity  435

7 Discussion  437

Acknowledgments  438

References  438

21. Restricted Boltzmann Machine Models of Hippocampal Coding and Neurogenesis

1 Introduction  443

2 A RBM Model of Learning and Neurogenesis in the DG  446

3 The Role of Young DGCs in Memory Encoding  447

4 Simulating the Emergence of Place Cells in RBMs With More Naturalist Inputs  450

5 The Effect of Young DGCs or, Learning in the Full Hippocampal Model  452

6 Discussion  455

References  458

VI  STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY AND PATHOLOGY

22. Modeling the Impact of Lesions in the Brain

1 Introduction  465

2 Models of Network~ and Their Dynamics  467

3 Results  471

4 Discussion  476

Glossary of Network Analysis Terms  478

References  479

23. Network Models of Epilepsy-Related Pathological Structural and Functional Alterations in the Dentate Gyms

1 Introduction  485

2 Model  487

3 Results  492

4 Discussion  495

Acknowledgments  500

References  500

24. Computational Models of Stroke Recovery

1 Introduction  505

2 Models of Neuromotor Recovery  506

3 Toward a Computational Rehabilitation  516

4 Directions for Future Research  520

5 Conclusions  521

Acknowledgments  521

References  522

25. Neural Plasticity in Human Brain Connectivity: The Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation

1 Introduction  527

2 Deep Brain Stimulation  529

3 Deep Brain Stimulation-Induced Functional Connectivity Changes  530

4 Deep Brain Stimulation-Induced Structural Connectivity Changes  531

5 Impact of Structural Connectivity Changes on Bran Dynamics  538

6 Discussion  541

References  545

Index  547