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From molecules to networks : an introduction to cellular and molecular neuroscience / [edited by] John H. Byrne, Ruth Heidelberger, M. Neal Waxham. -- 3rd ed. -- Amsterdam ; Academic Press/Elsevier 2014. – (58.178/F931/3rd ed.) |
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition ix
Preface to the Second Edition xi
Preface to the First Edition xiii
List of Contributors xv
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR
1. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue
Neurons 3
Neuroglia 11
Cerebral Vasculature 17
References
20
Suggested Reading
21
2. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System
Organelles and Their Functions
Axons and Dendrites: Unique Structural Components
of Neurons 23
Protein Synthesis in Nervous Tissue 28
Cytoskeletons of Neurons and Glial Cells 36
Molecular Motors in the Nervous System 43
Building and Maintaining Nervous System Cells 46
References
52
3. Energy Metabolism in the Brain
Major Pathways of Brain Energy Metabolism 59
Substrates, Enzymes, Pathway Fluxes, and
Compartmentation 76
Imaging of Functional Metabolic Activity in Living
Brain and In Vivo Assays of Pathway Fluxes
81
Pathophysiological Conditions Disrupt Energy
Metabolism 96
Roles of Nutrients and Metabolites in Regulation of
Specific Functions and Overall Metabolic Economy 102
Metabolomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics 105
Metabolic Scaling Across Species 108
Summary 108
References
109
Further References
117
4. Intracellular Signaling
Signaling Through G-Protein-Linked Receptors !19
Modulation of Neuronal Function by Protein Kinases
and Phosphatases 132
References
145
5. Regulation of Neuronal Gene Expression and Protein
Synthesis
The Dogma
149
DNA Structure and Functions 149
RNA Structure and Function 151
Transcription
153
Chromatin and Epigenetic Regulation 157
Control of Gene Expression and Examples in the
Nervous System 159
Transcription Factors in Learning and Memory 162
Translational Control 165
Modes of Translational Control Underlying Synaptic
Plasticity and Memory 170
References
172
6. Modeling and analysis of intracellular signaling
pathways
Intracellular Transport is Modeled at Several
Levels of Detail 176
Standard Equations Simplify Modeling of Enzymatic
Reactions and Feedback Loops 180
Positive and Negative Feedback Can Support Complex
Dynamics of Signaling Pathways 183
Crosstalk Between Signaling Pathways Shapes
Stimulus Responses 185
Parameter Estimation I89
Dynamics Should Usually be Robust to Parameter
Variation 190
Parameter Uncertainties Imply the Majority of
Models are Qualitative, Not Quantitative
190
Separation of Fast and Slow Processes is an
Important Method to Simplify Models 191
Analyzing Flux Control He of Metabolism 191
Special Modeling Techniques are Required for
Macromolecular Complexes 192
Stochastic Fluctuations Strongly Affect Reaction
Dynamics 193
Genes are Often Organized into Networks Activated by
Signaling Pathways 194
Gene Networks can be Modeled at Very Different
Levels 195
Gene Network Models Illustrate ways in Which
Feedback Generates Complex Dynamics 197
Fluctuations in Molecule Numbers Strongly Influence
Genetic Regulation 199
Summary 200
General References
201
Specific References
201
7. Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Synaptic
Transmission: Classical Transmitters
Diverse Modes of Neuronal Communication 207
Chemical Transmission 208
Classical Neurotransmitters 211
Summary 235
References
235
8. Nonclassic Signaling in the Brain
Peptide Neurotransmitters 239
Neurotensin as an Example of Peptide
Neurotransmitters 242
Unconventional Transmitters 245
Synaptic Transmitters in Perspective 253
References
254
9. Connexin and Pannexin Based Channels in the
Nervous System: Gap Junctions and More
Cell Interactions in the Nervous System--The Larger
Picture 257
General Properties and Structure of Gap Junction
Channels and Hemichannels 257
Connexins in CNS Ontogeny 261
Connexins in Neurons of the Adult CNS 262
Astroglial Connexins 267
Connexins in Oligodendrocytes 270
Connexins in Microglia 270
Connexins in the Blood-Brain Barrier 270
Connexins in Ependimal Cells and Leptomeningeal
Cells 271
Pattern of Pannexin Localization in Brain
Cells 271
Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels in Acquired
and Genetic Pathologies of the CNS 272
Summary and Perspective 276
References
276
Further Reading
283
10. Neurotransmitter Receptors
Ionotropic Receptors 285
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors 305
References
318
11. Molecular Properties of Ion Channels
Families of Ion Channels 323
Channel Gating
331
Ion Permeation
339
References
344
II PHYSIOLOGY OF ION CHANNELS, EXCITABLE MEMBRANES
AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
12. Membrane Potential and Action Potential
The Membrane Potential 352
The Action Potential 358
References
374
13. Biophysics of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Principal Features
377
Major Families of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels 377
VGICs are Highly Sensitive to Membrane Voltage but
Current Flow Through all Ion Channels is Influenced by Voltage 380
Abnormal Biophysical Properties of VGICs and Human
Disease 381
Structural Features Associated with Unique
Biophysical Properties of VGICs 384
Regions of VGICs that Regulate Inactivation 386
Biophysical Properties of Voltage-Gated Ion
Channels and Neuronal Function 387
Measuring Biophysical Properties of Voltage-Gated
Ion Channels 388
Steady-State Current-Voltage Relationships 390
Voltage-Clamp Recording Methods to Study
Biophysical Properties of VGICs 393
Single Ion Channel Currents 398
Modulation of Biophysical Properties of
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels 400
Local Changes in Chemical Environment by Second
Messenger Action 403
Neurotoxins that Disrupt Biophysical Properties of
VGICs 403
The Plasma Membrane Lipid PiP2 Modulates VGICs 404
Calcium Inactivates Cav1 Channels 404
Acknowledgements
405
References
405
14. Dynamical Properties of Excitable Membranes
The Hodgkin-Huxley Model 409
Characterizing the Na+ Conductance 417
A Geometric Analysis of Excitability 425
Summary 440
Acknowledgments
440
References
440
15. Release of Neurotransmitters
Organization of the Chemical Synapse 443
Excitation-Secretion Coupling 448
The Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter
Release 454
Quantal Analysis
466
References
481
16. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic
Integration
Ionotropic Receptors: Mediators of Fast Excitatory
and Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials 489
Metabotropic Receptors: Mediators of Slow Synaptic
Potentials 501
Integration of Synaptic Potentials 504
Summary 505
References
507
Further Reading
507
17. Cable Properties and Information Processing in
Dendrites
Basic Tools: Cable Theory and Compartmental
Models 509
Spread of Steady-State Signals 509
Spread of Transient Signals 511
Dynamic Properties of the Passive Electrotonic
Structure 516
Active Dendritic Properties 519
Backpropagation of Action Potentials into
Dendrites 521
Active Dendrites Amplify Synaptic Inputs 523
Active Dendrites Control Neuronal Output 525
Ca2+ Signaling in Dendritic Spines 525
Conclusion
527
References
528
III INTEGRATION
18. Synaptic Plasticity
Introduction
533
Short-Term Plasticity 533
Long-Term Plasticity 540
References 555
19. Information Processing in Neural Networks
Information Processing 563
Neural Representation 565
Encoding and Decoding 568
Iconic Neural Circuits 575
Neuroplasticity and Neuromodulation 578
Example Circuits
580
Summary 586
References
587
20. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms
Paradigms have been Developed to Study Associative
and Nonassociative Learning 591
Invertebrate Studies: Key Insights from Aplysia
into Basic Mechanisms of Learning 592
Mechanisms Underlying Associative Learning in Aplysia 596
Classical Conditioning in Vertebrates: Discrete
Responses and Fear Reactions as Models of Associative Learning 600
How Does a Change in Synaptic Strength Store a
Complex Memory? 623
Summary 625
References
625
Suggested Readings
637
21. Molecular Mechanisms of Neurological Disease
Introduction
639
Alzheimer's Disease
639
Parkinson's Disease
641
Prion Diseases
644
Schizophrenia
646
Phenylketonuria
647
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 649
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases 651
Fragile X Syndrome
652
Huntington's Disease 655
Genetic Heterogeneity in a Non-CNS Disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth 656
Summary and Conclusion 658
References
658
Index 663
