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Clinical neuroanatomy / Richard S. Snell. — 7th ed. — Philadelphia, Pa. ; London : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2010. – (59.429/S671/7th ed.) |
Contents
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Organization of the Nervous System
Chapter Objectives 2
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 2
Major Divisions of the Central Nervous System 2
Major Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System 10
Early Development of the Nervous System 14
Clinical Notes 17
Clinical Problem Solving 28
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 29
Review Questions 30
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 31
Additional Reading 32
CHAPTER 2 The Neurobiology of the Neuron and the Neuroglia
Chapter Objectives 34
Definition of a Neuron 34
Varieties of Neurons 34
Structure of the Neuron 34
Definition of Neuroglia 53
Astrocytes 53
Oligodendrocytes 54
Microglia 57
Ependyma 58
Extracellular Space 59
Clinical Notes 61
Clinical Problem Solving 63
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 64
Review Questions 65
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 67
Additional Reading 69
CHAPTER 3 Nerve Fibers， Peripheral Nerves， Receptor and Effector Endings， Dermatomes， and Muscle Activity
Chapter Objectives 71
Nerve Fibers 71
Peripheral Nerves 80
Conduction in Peripheral Nerves 84
Receptor Endings 86
Effector Endings 95
Segmental Innervation of Skin 100
Segmental lnnervation of Muscles 100
Muscle Tone and Muscle Action 101
Summation of Motor Units 103
Muscle Fatigue 104 Posture 104
Clinical Notes 107
Clinical Problem Solving 120
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 123
Review Questions 126
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 129
Additional Reading 131
CHAPTER 4 The Spinal Cord and the Ascending and Descending Tracts 132
Chapter Objectives 133
A Brief Review of the Vertebral Column 133
Gross Appearance of the Spinal Cord 137
Structure of the Spinal Cord 138
The Ascending Tracts of the Spinal Cord 143
Anatomical Organization 143
Functions of the Ascending Tracts 144
The Descending Tracts of the Spinal Cord 153
Anatomical Organization 153
Functions of the Descending Tracts 154
Corticospinal Tracts 155
Reticulospinal Tracts 157
Tectospinal Tract 158
Rubrospinal Tract 159
Vestibulospinal Tract 159
Olivospinal Tract 160
Descending Autonomic Fibers 160
Intersegmental Tracts 161 Reflex Arc 162
Influence of Higher Neuronal Centers on the Activities of Spinal Reflexes 164
Renshaw Cells and Lower Motor Neuron Inhibition 164
Clinical Notes 165
Clinical Problem Solving 177
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 178
Review Questions 181
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 183
Additional Reading 185
CHAPTER 5 The Brainstem
Chapter Objectives 187
A Brief Review of the Skull 187
The Cranial Cavity 192
Introduction to the Brainstem 196
Gross Appearance of the Medulla Oblongata 197
Internal Structure 198
Gross Appearance of the Pons 206
Internal Structure of the Pons 208
Gross Appearance of the Midbrain 211
Internal Structure of the Midbrain 211
Clinical Notes 217
Clinical Problem Solving 221
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 222
Review Questions 224
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 227
Additional Reading 229
CHAPTER 6 The Cerebellum and Its Connections 230
Chapter Objective 231
Gross Appearance of the Cerebellum 231
Structure of the Cerebellum 231
Cerebellar Cortical Mechanisms 236
Cerebellar Afferent Fibers 237
Cerebellar Efferent Fibers 240
Functions of the Cerebellum 242
Clinical Notes 243
Clinical Problem Solving 245
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 246
Review Questions 241
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 249
Additional Reading 250
CHAPTER 7 The Cerebrum 251
Chapter Objectives 252
Subdivisions of the Cerebrum 252
Diencephalon 252
General Appearance of the Cerebral Hemispheres 257
Main Sulci 258
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere 260
Internal Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres 262
Clinical Notes 271
Clinical problem Solving 277
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 278
Review Questions 279
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 281
Additional Reading 283
CHAPTER 8 The Structure and Functional Localization of the Cerebral Cortex 284
Chapter Objective 285
Structure of the Cerebral Cortex 285
Mechanisms of the Cerebral Cortex 287
Cortical Areas 288
Cerebral Dominance 295
Clinical Notes 296
Clinical Problem Solving 298
Answers and Explanations to Clinical problem Solving 299
Review Questions 300
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 302
Additional Reading 303
CHAPTER 9 The Reticular Formation and the Limbic System 304
Chapter Objective 305
Reticular Formation 305
Limbic System 307
Clinical Notes 312
Clinical Problem Solving 312
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 313
Review Questions 313
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 314
Additional Reading 315
CHAPTER 10 The Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)and Their Connections 316
Chapter Objective 317
Terminology 317
Corpus striatum
Amygdaloid nucleus
Substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei
Claustrum
Connections of the corpus striatum and globus pallidus
Connections of the corpus striatum
Connections of the globus pallidus
Functions of the basal nuclei
Clinical notes
Clinical problem solving
Answers and explanations to clinical problem solving review questions
Review questions
Answers and explanations to review questions
Additional reading
CHAPTER 11 The Cranial Nerve Nuclei and Their Central Connections and Distribution
Chapter Objective 332
The 12 Cranial Nerves 332
Organization of the Cranial Nerves 332
Olfactory Nerves (Cranial Nerve l) 335
Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve lI) 336
Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve Ill) 340
Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV) 340
Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V) 341
Abducent Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI) 344
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) 346
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) 348
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX) 350
Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X) 352
Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI) 354
Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII) 356
Clinical Notes 358
Clinical Problem Solving 363
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 364
Review Questions 365
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 368
Additional Reading 369
CHAPTER 12 The Thalamus and Its Connections
Chapter Objective 372
General Appearances of the Thalamus 372
Subdivisions of the Thalamus 372
Connections of the Thalamus 375
Function of the Thalamus 375
Clinical Notes 3/8 Clinical Problem Solving 378
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 318
Review Questions 379
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 380
Additional Reading 381
CHAPTER 13 The Hypothalamus and Its Connections Chapter Objectives 383
The Hypothalamus 383
Hypothalamic Nuclei 383
Afferent Nervous Connections of the Hypothalamus 385
Efferent Nervous Connections of the Hypothalamus 387
Connections of the Hypothalamus With the Hypophysis Cerebri 388
Functions of the Hypothalamus 389
Clinical Notes 392
Clinical Problem Solving 392
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 393
Review Questions 393
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 394
Additional Reading 395
CHAPTER 14 The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter Objective 397
Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System 397
The Large Autonomic Plexuses 400
Autonomic Ganglia 400
Preganglionic Transmitters 400
Fast， Slow， and Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials 401
Ganglion-Stimulating Agents 402
Ganglion-Blocking Agents 402
Postganglionic Nerve Endings 402
Postganglionic Transmitters 402
Other Postganglionic Transmitters 403
Blocking of Cholinergic Receptors 403
Blocking of Adrenergic Receptors 403
Higher Control of the Autonomic Nervous System 404
The "Enteric Nervous System" 404
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 404
Important Anatomical， Physiologic， and Pharmacologic Differences Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System 405
Some Important Autonomic Innervations 407
Some Important Physiological Reflexes Involving the Autonomic Nervous System 415
Clinical Notes 417
Clinical Problem Solving 420
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 421
Review Questions 422
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 425
Additional Reading 426
CHAPTER 15 The Meninges of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Chapter Objectives 428
Meninges of the Brain 428
Meninges of the Spinal Cord 436
Clinical Notes 438
Clinical Problem Solving 441
Answers and Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving 442
Review Questions 443
Answers and Explanations to Review Questions 444
Additional Reading 444
CHAPTER 16 The Ventricular System， the Cerebrospinal Fluid， and the Blood-Brain and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers
Chapter Objectives 446
Ventricular System 446
Subarachnoid Space 457
Cerebrospinal Fluid 458
Blood-Brain and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers 462
Clinical Notes 466
CHAPTER 17 The blood supply of the brain and spinal cord
CHAPTER 18 The development of the nervous system
Appendix Important neuroanatomical data of clinical significance
Index
