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新书资源(2007年9月)

Molecular principles of animal development / by Alfonso Martinez Arias, Alison Stewart. — Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2002.—(58.178/M385)

Contents

    Contents
    
    1 Introduction: Towards a molecular analysis of development 1
    The rationale for a different approach 3
    Beginnings 7
    The heyday of descriptive embryology 8
    Experimental embryology is born 10
    Morgan's 'deviation': Genetics 12
    The impasse 13
    Genetics meets molecular biology 13
    Lessons from history? 13
    About this book 14
    2 Programs and regulatory elements in DNA and RNA 19
    The DNA during development 19
    Types of DNA sequences 22
    Genes and genomes 24
    Regulatory sequences in DNA 27
    Irreversible modifications of the DNA sequence 33
    Regulatory regions in RNA 33
    Coordination of gene expression 35
    Developmental programs 36
    Higher-order programs 39
    3 Decoding the program: Transcription 43
    Transcription in prokaryotes 43
    The transcriptional machinery in eukaryotes 46
    Enhancers and gene-specific transcription factors 49
    DNA-binding specificity of transcription factors 51
    Assembly of complexes at enhancers: Enhanceosomes 52
    Interactions between promoters and enhancers 58
    The role of chromatin in transcription 59
    The dynamics of transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling 61
    Transcriptional repression in eukaryotes 62
    The transcriptional machinery and regulated transcription 64
    Transcriptional regulation during development: From domains to stripes in the
    Drosophila blastoderm 65
    Transcriptional regulation during development: Regulation of the
    immunoglobulin I1 heavy-chain gene 68
    Transcriptional elongation and termination 69
    The stability of the transcriptionally active or inactive state 70
    RNA-binding proteins 72
    RNA localization and the establishment of the body plan in Drosophila 76
    4 Cell surface proteins: Receptors, ligands, and their environment 79
    Intercellular communication: Cell signaling 79
    Indentification of signalling molecules and receptors 81
    Characterization of signalling molecules and receptors 83
    Types of signalling molecules 86
    Low-molecular-mass signalling molecules 87
    Peptide and protein signalling molecules 90
    Receptors 94
    Cell-surface receptors 95
    Receptor tyrosine kinases 95
    Serine/threonine kinase receptors 97
    Receptor phosphatases 99
    Receptors associated with cytoplasmic kinases 99
    Seven transmembrane domain receptors 101
    Other cell-surface receptors 102
    Signalling proteins as receptors 104
    Intracellular receptors 106
    Regulation of ligand-receptor interactions 107
    The vertebrate organizer as a source of signal modulators 111
    The extracellular environment and cell signaling 111
    5 Intracellular effectors of cell and networks 115
    interactions: Signalling pathways 116
    Epistasis and the analysis of signalling pathways 116
    Signalling currencies 119
    Adaptor motifs 119
    A tool for detecting molecular interactions 123
    Modular protein kinases and phosphatases 123
    G proteins and intracellular switches 124
    Signalling pathways 127
    Routes triggering nuclear translocation of the effector 127
    Delta-Notch signaling 127
    NFKB/dorsal signaling 128
    JAK-STAT signaling 128
    TGFI]-Smad signaling 129
    Membrane-nucleus relays: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascades 133
    Second-messenger signalling pathways 137
    Cyclic AMP and protein kinase A 137
    Lipid second-messenger pathways 138
    Hedgehog and Wnt signaling 139
    Hedgehog signaling 141
    Wnt signaling 143
     Dynamics and regulation of signal transduction during cell interactions 145
     Changes in activity of signalling pathway components 146
     Changes in the concentration or stability of signalling pathway components 146
     Compartmentalization 150
     Integration of signalling pathways 151
     Connectivity and integration of signalling networks 154
     Signal integration in the nucleus 155
    6 Cells and their interactions 161
    The extracellular matrix 163
    The cytoskeleton 165
    intermediate filaments 165
    Microtubules 167
    Actin filaments 169
    Cell adhesion and cell junctions 174
    Molecular mediators of cell adhesion 176
    Cell adhesion and signaling 179
    Cell polarity 183
    Apico-basal polarity 184
    Planar polarity 187
    Cell shape, movement, and migration 189
    Cues for cell movement 195
    7 Basic cellular routines: Division, differentiation, and cell death 197
    The cell cycle 197
    Uncovering the cell-cycle regulators 199
    The cell-cycle machinery at work 201
    Cell-cycle checkpoints: Integration and surveillance 205
    The cell cycle in early development 205
    Coordinating cell division with cell growth 208
    Extracellular regulation of the link between growth and proliferation 211
    The cell cycle and cell differentiation 211
    Cell death: The ultimate 'differentiation' 216
    The cell death machinery 218
    Death signals during development 221
    Regulation of cell survival during development 221
    Cell numbers and overall size 222
    8 The generation of lineages: A developmental routine 227
    Cell lineages and cell interactions 227
    Lineages and fate maps 229
    Stem cell lineages 229
    Stem cell factors 232
    Stem cell-like lineages 234
    Complex determinate lineages 234
    The leech Helobdella triserialis 238
    The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 238
    Cell fate determination within lineages 240
    Mechanisms of segregation of determinants of lineage identity in S. cerevisiae and C. elegans 242
    Mechanisms of segregation of determinants of lineage identity in the development of the nervous system 245
    Notch signalling: A recurring element in the lineage-mediated assignment of cell fates 249
    The spatial and temporal regulation of Notch signaling 253
    Iterative molecular mechanisms for cell fate assignment 254
    Indeterminate lineages and polyclonal lineage compartments 256
    9 Long- and short-range influences in the generation of cell diversity 261
    Induction and positional information 261
    Long- and short-range inductive molecules 265
    Cellular responses to inductive signals: Competence 269
    Signalling-induced modifications of the inductive event 271
    The morphogen concept: Graded responses to diffusible signals 274
    Candidate morphogens 274
    Candidate morphogens in Drosophila 276
    Bicoid 278
    Dorsal 280
    Dpp 283
    Candidate morphogens in vertebrates 283
    Activin 283
    Limitations of the classical concept of the morphogen 285
    The generation of graded molecular information 288
    The interpretation of graded molecular information 288
     Long- versus short-range patterning mechanisms in pattern formation 291
    10 Cell-type specification: A developmental operation 295
    Methods for the spatial and temporal analysis of gene activity 295
    Muscle development: Myogenesis 298
    The origins of muscle cells 298
    Establishment of different mesodermal fates 301
    Myogenic regulatory factors and the commitment to the myogenic pathway 305
    Muscle differentiation 312
    Neurogenesis: The central nervous system 314
    The origins of the central nervous system 314
    The emergence of neural tissue 315
    Axial organization of the nervous system 319
    The commitment to the neurogenic pathway 320
    The birth of neurons: Individual cell-type specification 323
    Neurogenesis in Drosophila 325
    Regulatory hierarchies in the establishment of cell fates 325
    11 Patterns in one and two dimensions 333
    Development and patterning of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva 333
    Generation and specification of the vulva precursor cells (VPCs) 335
    The signal from the anchor cell: Ras signalling and the specification of VPCs 335
    VPCs: lin-12 signalling 341
    Execution of the fates of the VPCs 343
    Morphogenesis of the vulva 344
    Development and patterning of the larval epidermis of Drosophila 345
    Establishment of references and polarity 346
    Generation of cell diversity with respect to the coordinates 351
    The emergence of the pattern 354
    Development and patterning of the teeth 354
    initiation of tooth development 357
    Morphogenesis and differentiation 358
    Different types of teeth 359
    General principles for the patterning of two-dimensional cellular assemblies 361
    12 Patterns in three dimensions 363
    Limbs and appendages 363
    Initiation of vertebrate limb development 365
    Establishment of AP and DV coordinates in the limb bud 367
    nitiation of appendage development in insects 368
    Cellular parameters of vertebrate limb development 368
    AER-driven initiation of PD patterning and growth 372
    Molecular mediators of growth and positional information in the growing bud 374
    Integration of information from the ZPA and the AER 377
    The role of the DV axis in limb patterning 377
    Growth and patterning along the PD axis 377
    Hox codes and the registration of the positional information 380
    The patterning of the digits 380
    Development and patterning of the appendages of Drosophila 382
    The initiation of wing development 383
    Patterning and growth of the wing 386
    The patterning of the wing: Veins 388
    Common strategies in the development and patterning of vertebrate limbs and the appendages of insects 389
     Branched structures: The insect tracheal system and vertebrate lungs 392
     The tracheal system of Drosophila 392
     Cell-type specification in the tracheal system 393
     Branching morphogenesis in the tracheal system 395
     Specification of cell types within the migrating branch 397
     The development of the vertebrate lung 398
     Are there general principles for three-dimensional patterning? 400
    Index 403