Biology of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases / edited by Lluís Ribas de Pouplana, Laurie S. Kaguni. -- Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Academic Press, 2020. – (58.17435/B615e/v.48)

Contents

Contributors
Preface
1. The endless frontier of tRNA synthetases
    1. aaRSs establish the genetic code
    2. Problems when simplicity is not quite enough
    3. Orthogonal functions created from pieces and decorations
    4. Functions and diseases linked to tRNA synthetases
    5. Therapeutics with splice variants
    6. The endless frontier
    Acknowledgements
2. The evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: From dawn to LUCA
     1. Introduction
     2. The aaRS conundrum
     3. A temporal perspective for aaRS evolution
     4. Summary
     Acknowledgments
     References
3. Putting amino acids onto tRNAs: The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases as catalysts
     1. Introduction
     2. Mechanistic strategies used by the AARSs
     3. Metals in AARS-mediated catalysis
     4. Conclusion
     References
4. Trans-editing by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-like editing domains
     1. Introduction
     2. Proofreading by PheRS editing domain prevents m-Tyr and p-Tyr misincorporation
     3. AlaRS editing domain and trans-editing factors ubiquitously prevent Set and Gly misincorporation
     4. Functional convergence of distinct ThrRS editing domains prevent Ser and Ala misincorporation
     5. ProRS editing and the INS superfamily of homologous trans-editing domains
     6. Evolution and emergence of trans-editing proteins
     Acknowledgments
     References
5. Noncanonical inputs and outputs of tRNA aminoacylation
     1. Introduction
     2. Non canonical aminoacylation of tRNAs and tRNA-dependent synthesis of amino acids
     3. aa-tRNA-dependent aminoacylation of lipids and cell-wall synthesis
     4. FemXAB
     5. aa-tRNA-dependent synthesis of hemes
     6. aa-tRNA-dependent formation of antibiotics
     7. aa-tRNA-dependent degradation of proteins
     8. Concluding remarks
     Acknowledgments
     References
6. Structures and functions of multi-tRNA synthetase complexes
     1. Introduction
     2. Composition and structure of multi-tRNA synthetase complexes (MSCs)
     3. Biological functions of MSC components
     4. Summary
     Acknowledgments
     References
7. Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
     1. tRNA recognition
    2. Alanyl-tRNA synthetases exemplify mitochondrial tRNA recognition patterns
     3. Amino acid specificity and editing
     4. Pathogenic mutations in human mitochondrial ARS
     5. Conclusions and future directions
     References
8. Non-canonical functions of human cytoplasmic tyrosyl-, tryptophanyl- and other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
    1. Introduction
     2. Non-canonical functions of human cytoplasmic tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS)
     3. Non-canonical functions of human cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS)
     4. Human cytoplasmic TyrRS and TrpRS as a family of regulators for angiogenesis
     5. Non-canonical functions of other human cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
     6. Conclusions and perspectives
     Acknowledgments
     References
9. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in cell signaling
    1. Introduction
     2. Role of EPRS in inflammatory, metabolic, and immune signal transduction
     3. Role of leuRS in TORC1 signaling
     4. The role of LysRS in signaling
     5. The role of SerRS in angiogenic signaling
    6. Roles of TyrRS and TrpRS in PARP1 signaling
     7. Concluding remarks
     Acknowledgment
     References
10. Human diseases linked to cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
     1. Introduction
     2. Autoimmune antisynthetase syndrome
     3. Developmental disorders and multi-organ syndromes caused by bi-allelic recessive mutations in aaRSs
     References
11. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases as drug targets
     1. introduction
     2. Concluding remarks
     References
12. Engineering aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for use in synthetic biology
     1. Overview of orthogonal translation systems in genetic code expansion
     2. Orthogonality of aaRSs-tRNA pairs and ncAAs
     3. General approaches in aaRS and tRNA engineering
     4. The PylRS.tRNAPyl pair
     5. The TyrRS.tRNATyr pair from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
     6. Other orthogonal aaRS-tRNA pairs applied for genetic code expansion
     Acknowledgments
     References
13. Novel functions of cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases shaping the hallmarks of cancer
      1. Introduction
      2. Enhanced growth signaling and proliferation
      3. Robustness toward cellular stressors
      4. Vascularization
      5. Invasion and metastasis
      6. Altered metabolism
      7. Immune evasion and tumor microenvironment
      8. Overview and speculation on tumor-suppressive roles of AIMPs
      9. Future directions
      References