Medical biochemistry / Antonio Blanco, Gustavo Blanco. -- London : Elsevier, c2017 .—(63.13 /B638)

Contents

About the Authors   xiii

Preface   xv

Introduction   xvii

1. Chemical Composition of Living Beings

Biogenic Elements   1

Biological Compounds   2

Summary   3

Bibliography   3

2. Water

The Water Molecule is Polar 5

Hydrogen Bond 5

Water as Solvent   7

Water as an Electrolyte   8

Equilibrium Constant   9

Equilibrium of Water Ionization   10

Acids and Bases   11

Acids and Bases Strength   12

pH 12

Buffers   13

Titration Curve of Acids and Bases   15

Appendix   16

Summary   18

Bibliography   19

3. Proteins

Proteins are Macromolecules Formed by Amino Acids  21

Amino Acids   22

Peptides   30

Proteins   33

Collagen   47

Keratins   49

Hemoglobin   49

Heine   50

Globin   51

Hemoglobin Derivatives   56

Abnormal Hemoglobins   56

Blood Plasma Proteins   58

Main Proteins in Blood Plasma   60

Muscle Proteins   64

Muscle Contraction   67

Summary   69

Bibliography   71

4. Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides   73

Disaccharides   83

Polysaccharides 84

Summary   95

Bibliography   97

5. Lipids

Classification   99

Fatty Acids   99

Essential Fatty Acids   104

Simple Lipids   104

Complex Lipids   108

Substances Associated with Lipids   114

Summary   117

Bibliography 119

6. Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides   121

Nucleic Acids   123

Virus   136

Free Nucleotides   137

Summary   139

Bibliography 140

7. Elements of Thermodynamics and Biochemical Kinetics

Thermodynamics   141

Chemical Kinetics   148

Summary   151

Bibliography   152

8. Enzymes

Enzymes are Biological Catalysts   153

Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes  153

Chemical Nature of Enzymes   156

Metalloenzymes   157

Enzymatic Catalysis   157

Active Site   158

Zymogens   160

Genetic Alterations that Affect Enzyme Function   160

Enzyme Distribution Within the Cell   160

Multienzyme Systems   161

Determination of Enzyme Activity   161

Factors that Modify Enzyme Activity   161

Enzyme Inhibitors   165

Regulation of Enzyme Activity   168

Constitutive and Inducible Enzymes   170

Enzymatic Processes in Cascade   171

Isozymes   172

Determination of Enzymes in the Clinical Laboratory   173

Summary   174

Bibliography 175

9. Biological Oxidations: Bioenergetics

The Energy-Rich Intermediate ATP   177

Biological Oxidations   181

Respiratory Chain   184

Oxidative Phosphorylation   190

Phosphorylation at Substrate Level   201

Other Electron Transport Systems   202

Summary   202

Bibliography 203

10. Antioxidants

Reactive Species   205

Summary   213

Bibliography   213

11. Membranes

Structure   215

Transport Across Membranes   224

Passive Transport or Facilitated Diffusion   226

Active Transport   233

Summary   249

Bibliography   250

12. Digestion - Absorption

Saliva   251

Gastric Juice   254

Pancreatic Juice   258

Intestinal Mucosa   260

Bile   261

Summary of the Digestive Process   264

Absorption   267

Summary   272

Bibliography   273

13. Metabolism

Metabolic Pathways   275

Metabolic Studies   277

Regulation of Metabolism   279

Summary   281

Bibliography 281

14. Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glucose Uptake Into Cells   284

Glucose Phosphorylation   285

Metabolic Pathways for Glucose   287

Metabolism of Other Hexoses   311

Biosynthesis of the Oligosaccharides of Glycoproteins   316

Summary   320

Bibliography 323

15. Lipid Metabolism

Blood Lipids   326

Plasma Lipoproteins   326

Tissue Lipids   334

Fat Metabolism 334

Fatty Acid Catabolism   335

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis   343

Eicosanoid Biosynthesis   349

Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis   353

Biosynthesis of Phospholipids   354

Congenital Disorders of Complex Lipid Catabolism   356

Cholesterol Metabolism   358

Cholesterol Biosynthesis   358

Summary   363

Bibliography 365

16. Amino Acid Metabolism

Essential Amino Acids   370

Amino Acid Catabolism   373

Metabolic Pathways of Ammonia   376

Other General Mechanisms of Amino Acid Metabolism   384

Metabolic Pathways of Amino Acids   387

Summary   397

Bibliography 399

17. Heme Metabolism

Heine Biosynthesis   401

Catabolism of Heme   405

Summary   411

Bibliography 412

18. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism

Purine Biosynthesis   413

Purine Salvage Pathway   416

Purine Catabolism   416

Uric Acid   418

Gout   418

Pyrimidine Biosynthesis   419

Pyrimidine Catabolism   421

Di- and Triphosphate Nucleoside Biosynthesis   421

Deoxyribonucleotide Biosynthesis   422

Pharmacological Applications   422

Summary   423

Bibliography 423

19. Integration and Regulation of Metabolism

Metabolic Integration   425

Metabolic Regulation   427

Summary   444

Bibliography 445

20. Metabolism in Some Tissues

Liver Metabolism   447

Skeletal Muscle Metabolism   455

Heart Metabolism   459

Adipose Tissue Metabolism   460

Nervous Tissue Metabolism   461

Summary   462

Bibliography   463

21. The Genetic Information (I)

DNA Replication   465

Transcription   475

Methods Used in Molecular Biology   481

Summary   491

Bibliography 492

22. The Genetic Information (II)

Protein Biosynthesis   493

Mechanism of Protein Biosynthesis   502

Genetic Mutations   510

Oncogenes   518

Epigenetics   521

Summary   522

Bibliography 523

23. Regulation of Gene Expression

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes   525

Structure of Gene Regulatory Proteins   527

Role of Noncoding RNAs   529

Small RNAs   529

RNA Interference   529

Long Noncoding RNA   531

Riboswitches   532

CRISPR   532

Summary   533

Bibliography 533

24. Posttranslational Protein Modifications

Protein Folding   535

Pathologies Caused by Misfolded Proteins   536

Posttranslational Protein Modifications   537

ADP-Ribosylation   538

Ubiquitination   541

Sumoylation   542

Nucleotidylation   542

Summary   545

Bibliography   545

25. Biochemical Basis of Endocrinology (I) Receptors and Signal Transduction

Receptors   548

Signal Transduction Systems   556

Neurotransmitter Receptors   568

Summary   571

Bibliography 572

26. Biochemical Bases of Endocrinology (II) Hormones and Other Chemical Intermediates

Hormones: Chemical Nature   573

Hypothalamic Hormones   576

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysys)   578

Adrenocorticotropin Hormone   578

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone   580

Gonadotropins   580

Lactogenic Hormone or Prolactin   581

Growth Hormone or Somatotropin   582

Melanocyte Stimulatory Hormone   585

Placenta   585

Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone   585

Placental Lactogen   585

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)   586

Oxytocin   586

Arginine Vasopressin   587

Thyroid   588

Adrenal Gland   593

Adrenal Cortex Hormones   593

Adrenal Medulla Hormones   601

Pancreas   605

Insulin   605

Glucagon   611

Somatostatin   612

Glucose Homeostasis   613

Diabetes Mellitus   613

Testis Androgens   616

Ovary   620

Ovarian Hormones   620

Ovarian Peptide Hormones   624

Parathyroid Gland   624

Parathyroid Hormone   624

Calcitonin   627

Kidney   628

Renin   628

Erythropoietin   629

Bradykinin   629

Endothelin   630

Urodilatin   630

Calcitriol   630

Heart   630

Gastrointestinal Hormones   631

Gastrin   631

Secretin   631

Cholecystokinin   632

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide   632

Enteroglucagon   632

Ghrelin   633

Amylin   633

Galanin   633

Pineal Gland   633

Eicosanoids   634

Growth Factors   636

Nervous System Chemical Intermediaries   637

Summary   640

Bibliography 644

27. Vitamins

Fat-soluble Vitamins   646

Soluble Vitamins   663

Summary   685

Bibliography   687

28. Water and Acid-Base Balance

Water Distribution in the Body   690

Water Balance   691

Ionic Composition of Body Fluids

Alterations of the Water Balance

H+ Concentration in Body Fluids

Regulation of H+ Concentration

Carbon Dioxide Transport   702

Regulatory Systems   704

Respiratory Regulation   704

Renal Regulation   705

Regulation of Intracellular pH   707

Acid-Base Balance Disorders   708

H* Excretion Regulation   710

Laboratory Studies in Acid--Base Disorders   710

Summary   711

Bibliography   713

29. Essential Minerals

Macrominerals   715

Trace Elements   735

Summary   741

Bibliography 743

30. Molecular Basis of Immunity

Immune System   745

Innate System   745

Adaptive System   746

Genetic Diversity of Immunoglobulins   753

Complement   760

Cellular Immunity   764

Cytokines   773

Summary   777

Bibliography 780

31. Hemostasis

Blood Coagulation   781

Summary   788

Bibliography 789

32. Apoptosis

Extrinsic Pathway   793

Intrinsic or Mitochondrial Pathway   793

Summary   795

Bibliography 796

Alphabetic Index   797