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Handbook of lipids in human function : fatty acids / edited by Ronald Ross Watson, Fabien De Meester. -- Amsterdam : Elsevier, c2016. – (58.17423073 /H236) |
Contents
List of Contributors xxi
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxxi
Chapter 1: Personalized Diet and Lifestyle Interventions on Lipids and Lipoproteins I
Introduction 1
Diet Habits, Lifestyles, and Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins 2
Genetic Determinants of Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins 3
Gene-Diet/Lifestyle Interactions and Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins 6
Lipidomics 12
Summary 15
References 16
Chapter 2: Trans Fats and Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases: Facts or Artifacts? 21
Introduction 21
From Cis to TFAs: Natural Perfection to Industrial Imperfection 21
Physicochemical Characteristics of TFAs: Valuable Reasons for Industrial Production 23
Analytical TFA Characterization: Not Always Easy, But Often Present 24
TFAs on Health and Cardiovascular Diseases: Are They Really Hurting the Heart? 25
TFA-Mediated Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Higher CVD Risks 26
Contrasting Panorama of Worldwide TFA Consumption Is Relying on
Technological Alternatives and Preventive Policies 27
Key Points 29
References 30
Chapter 3: Fatty Acids and Cardiac Ischemia Reperfusion Injury 39
Introduction 39
Membrane Organization 41
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury 42
Cardioprotection 45
Myocardial Energetics 47
The n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 49
The n-3 PUFAs in Cardiovascular Disease 50
The n-3 PUFA Antiarrythmetic Effects 51
The n-3 PUFA Alterations to Membrane Microdomain 52
The n-3 PUFA Effects on Cardiac Function 53
The n-3 PUFA Index 54
The n-3 PUFA Effects on Mitochondrial Function 55
The n-3 PUFA Metabolites 56
The n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 57
n-6 PUFAs in Cardiovascular Disease 59
n-6 PUFAs: CYP-Derived Metabolites of AA 59
n-6 PUFAs: CYP-Derived Metabolites of LA 61
n-6 PUFAs: Cyclooxygenase-Derived Metabolites 62
n-6 PUFAs: Lipooxygenase-Derived Metabolites 63
The n-6/n-3 FA Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease 63
Trans Fatty Acids 64
Saturated Fatty Acids 66
References 68
Chapter 4: Lipids Nutrition and Epigenetic Modification in Obesity-Related Co-Morbitities 85
List Abbreviations 85
Introduction 86
Obesity and Epigenetic 87
Atherosclerosis and Epigenetic 89
NAFLD and Epigenetic 92
Cancer and Epigenetics 95
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Epigenetic 97
Conclusion 99
References 103
Chapter 5: Dairy Products: Their Role in the Diet and Effects on Cardiovascular Disease 111
Introduction 111
Trends in the Consumption of Milk and Dairy Foods 112
Nutrients Provided by Dairy Foods 114
Contribution of Dairy Foods to Fat and Fatty Acid Intake 116
Epidemiological Evidence of the Association Between Dairy
Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease 117
Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids from Milk and Cardiovascular
Disease: Evidence from Intervention Studies 118
Dairy, Blood Pressure, and Arterial Stiffness 120
Trans Fatty Acids from Milk and Cardiovascular Disease 123
Conclusions 125
Acknowledgments 125
References 125
Chapter 6: Fatty Acids in Corn Oil: Role in Heart Disease Prevention 131
Introduction 131
Effects of Corn Oil/Linoleic Acid on Plasma Lipid Profile 134
Effects of Corn Oil on Inflammation 135
Effects of Linoleic Acid on Inflammation 136
Conclusions 137
References 138
Chapter 7: Dietary Approaches to reduce Aoric stiffness
Background on Aortic Stiffness 141
Measurement of Aortic Stiffness 142
Consequences of High Aortic Stiffness and Aortic BP 143
The Importance of Keeping Aortic Stiffness Low 145
Dietary Factors Associated with Arterial Stiffness:
A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence 146
Dietary Factors Associated with Arterial Stiffness:
A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials 148
Lifestyle Factors 155
Future Directions 155
Summary 156
References 156
Chapter 8: Inflammation and Atherogenic Effects Due to Saturated Fatty Acids 163
Introduction 163
Epidemiology of Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and CHD Risk 163
Reasons Epidemiology Data Are So Inconsistent 165
Different Changes of Risk Factors over Time 166
Genetic Influence of Pro-Inflammation Status 168
Inflammation and Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis 169
Molecular Mechanism of SFA Influence 173
Clinical Controlled Study of SFA Intake 175
Conclusion 176
Acknowledgments 177
References 177
Further Reading 179
Chapter 9: The Use of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs) in Atrial Fibrillation 181
Introduction 181
Overview of the Classification and Pathophysiology of AF 182
Potential Antifibrillatory Mechanisms of n-3 PUFA 182
Human Studies 186
Reasons for Inconsistent Results in Human Studies 186
Population Heterogeneity 193
AF Subtype and Duration 196
Differences in Fish Oil Supplementation and Duration 197
Are n-3 PUFAs Harmful? 199
Conclusion 201
References 201
Chapter 10: Individual Fatty Acids in Cardiometabolic Disease 207
Introduction 207
Fatty Acids and Risk of CHD 213
Fatty Acids and Risk of T2D 257
References 309
Chapter 11: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Patients with Coronary Disease Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 319
Why Patients with Coronary Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Are Subjects at High Risk 319
Why Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Might Offer Beneficial Effects in Patients Treated with PCI 320
OMEGA-PCI Study 321
Other Omega-3 PUFA Effects with Potential Benefit After PCI 326
Conclusions 327
Acknowledgments 327
References 328
Chapter 12: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognition in Children 331
Introduction 331
The Role of n-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain 336
Consequences of n-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency 340
Relationship Between n-3 Fatty Acid Status and Cognition 345
Randomized Controlled Trials of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Children(2 Years and Older) 354
Summary and Future Directions 364
References 366
Chapter 13: The Effects of Glycerophospholipids and Fatty Acids on APP Processing: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. 377
Alzheimer's Disease 377
Proteolytic Processing of APP 379
Link Between Lipids and AD 381
Glycerophospholipids and AD 386
Polyunsaturated FAs and AD 394
Trans Fatty Acids and AD 396
Nutritional FAs and AD 398
Conclusion 404
References 405
Chapter 14: Role of Dietary Fatty Acids in Mood Disorders 423
Introduction 423
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids 426
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 429
LCn-3 Fatty Acids 430
Neurodevelopment 434
LCn-6 Fatty Acids 438
Summary and Conclusions 439
Acknowledgments 442
References 442
Chapter 15: Biochemical Aspects of" n-6 and n-3 Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators in the Brain 457
Introduction 457
n-6 Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators and Their Receptors in the Brain 461
n-3 Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators and Their Receptors in the Brain 463
Interplay Between n-6 Fatty Acid and n-3 Fatty Acid Metabolism 466
Levels of n-6 and n-3 Fatty Acid-derived Lipid Mediators in Neurological Disorders 469
Conclusion
References 471
Chapter 16: Neurocognitive Functions and Lipids 475
Chapter 17: What Are the Physiological Roles of Mead Acid (5, 8,11-Eicosatrienoic Acid) ? 483
Part 1: Effects of Mead Acid on Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts 483
Part 2: The Effects of MA on Angiogenesis 490
General Conclusion 495
References 495
Chapter 18: Fat Metabolism During Exercise and Dietary Interventions for Enhancing Fat Metabolism and Athletic Performance 499
Introduction 499
Fatty Acid Metabolism During Exercise 499
Effect of Training Status on Fatty Acid Oxidation and Endocrine
Function of Adipose Tissue 503
Fatty Acid Versus Carbohydrate Metabolism 503
Effect of Intensity and Duration of Exercise on Fat Metabolism 505
Effect of Sex on Fat Metabolism During Exercise 506
The Effects of Dietary Fats on Exercise Performance 507
Dietary Intervention Studies Investigating the Effects of Fatty Acids
on Exercise Performance 508
Conclusions and Implications 514
References 514
Chapter 19: Ruminal Metabolism of Fatty Acids: Modulation of Polyunsaturated, Conjugated, and Trans Fatty Acids in Meat and Milk 521
Introduction 521
Rumen, the Site of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Ruminants 522
Postruminal Absorption of Fatty Acids 527
Fatty Acid Transfer to Mammary Gland and Muscle and FA Effect on Tissue Metabolism 528
How to Increase PUFA Flows 531
Modulation of Trans and Conjugated Fatty Acids 535
Conclusion and Perspectives 537
References 538
Chapter 20: Lipids and Metabolic Syndrome 543
The Origin of Metabolic Syndrome 543
Criteria for Clinical Diagnosis of MetS 545
Prevention and Treatment of MetS 547
Lipids and MetS 548
Summary 552
References 553
Chapter 21: Fatty Acids and Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Obesity 557
Hypothalamic Networks Regulating Energy Balance 557
Insulin and Leptin in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Metabolism 560
Gastrointestinal Hormones in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Balance 563
Hypothalamic Lipid Metabolism Modulating Energy Balance 564
Inflammation in Obesity and Molecular Mechanisms 565
Fatty Acids and Hypothalamic Inflammation 565
ER Stress and Lipotoxicity 568
Summary and Conclusions 571
Acknowledgments 572
References 572
Chapter 22: Dietary Lipid Determines the Health of Airway Epithelia and the Lungs 583
Introduction 583
Role of Balanced Diet in Maintenance of Lung Health 585
Dietary Lipids and Pulmonary Diseases 590
12/15-LOX Metabolism in Airway Injury 594
References 598
Chapter 23: Oleic Acid and Lung Injury 605
Introduction 605
Oleic Acid 608
The Lungs 611
Lung Injury 613
Origin of Pulmonary Insult 621
Oleic Acid-induced Lung Injury 622
Experimental Animal Models in the Induction of Acute Lung Injury 627
Putative Targets to the Lung Injury Treatment 629
References 630
Chapter 24: Dietary Fats and Inflammation 6215
Introduction 635
Metabolism of Essential Fatty Acids 636
Lipid Mediators of Immunity and Inflammation 640
Obesity and Systemic Inflammation 645
Dietary Saturated Fats and Inflammation 649
Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases 651
Asthma and Atopic Disease 653
Conclusions 657
References 659
Chapter 25: Intensive Lipid-Lowering Treatment in Patients with Inflammatary Joint Diseases 662
Introduction 667
Underestimation of CV Risk in IJD 667
Lipid-Lowering Treatment in IJD 668
Experiences from a "Preventive Cardio-Rheuma" Clinic 670
Systemic Inflammation and Lipid-Lowering Therapy 673
Effect on Atherosclerosis After Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy in IJD 675
References 676
Chapter 26: Arachidonic Acid and Cancer Risk 681
Nutritional Importance of Arachidonic Acid in Humans 681
ARA-Enriched Oils: Manufacturing Processes and Industrial
Applications 681
Safety Assessment of ARA-Enriched Oils: Basic Toxicological Tests and
Carcinogenic Potential 682
ARA and Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies 682
Conclusions 702
References 703
Appendix 26.1: PubMed Search Terms and Strategies 708
A. Search Terms for Exposure, Outcome, and Study Types 708
B. PubMed Search Strategy for Each Cancer Type 709
Chapter 27: Blood Cell Membrane Omega-3 (n-3) Fatty Acid Abnormality and Supplementation in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia 711
Sickle Cell Disease 711
Cell Membrane Defect in SCD 716
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation of Sickle Cell Patients 719
Conclusions 723
References 723
Further Reading 730
Chapter 28: Lipids, Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation and NAFLD: A Menage A Trois? 731
Introduction 731
Effect of Individual Dietary and Lipids 733
Hormonal and Nonhormonal Regulators of Lipid, Glucose and Energy Metabolism in NAFLD 736
JNK Pathways 741
Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation: The Main Role of IL-6 743
Future Directions and Conclusive Remarks 744
References 746
Further Reading 752
Chapter 29: Disturbances of Lipid Metabolism in a Cancer Cell and How This Knowledge Increases Its Role in Clinical Oncology 761
Cancer Development and Lipid Metabolism 761
Cancer Management and Lipid Metabolism 777
Conclusion 783
References 783
Index 791
