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The cell biology of stem cells / edited by Eran Meshorer, Kathrin Plath. — New York : Springer Science+Business Media, c2010. – (58.157/C393cb) |
Contents
CONTENTS
1. EARLY EMBRYONIC CELL FATE DECISIONS IN THE MOUSE 1
Abstract 1
Introduction 1
Lineage Establishment and the Pre-Stem Cell Program: Formation of the Blastocyst
Lineage Maintenance and the Stem Cell Program: Beyond the Blastocyst 6
The Second Lineage Decision: Subdividing the ICM 6
Cell Signaling Regulates PE/EPI Specification 7
Establishment and Modulation of Pluripotency in the EPI Lineage 9
Conclusion 10
2. NUCLEAR ARCHITECTURE IN STEM CELLS 14
Abstract
Introduction
Functional Compartmentalization of the ES Cell Nucleus 15
Stem Cell Features of Other Nucleoplasmic Subcompartments 19
Chromatin Features Characteristic of ES Cell Nuclei 20
Conclusion 22
3. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PLURIPOTENCY 26
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Modifications
The Epigenome of ES Cells
Conclusion
4. AUTOSOMAL LYONIZATION OF REPLICATION DOMAINS DURING EARLY MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT
Abstract 41
Introduction
Replication Timing Program: An Elusive Measure of Genome Organization 42
An Evolutionarily Conserved Epigenetic Fingerprint 48
Replication Timing as a Quantitative Index of 3-Dimensional Genome Organization 49
Replication Timing Reveals an Epigenetic Transition: Autosomal Lyonization at the Epiblast Stage 51
Replication Timing and Cellular Reprogramming: Further Support for Autosomal Lyonization 52
Maintenance and Alteration of Replication Timing Program and Its Potential Roles
Conclusion 54
5. PRESERVATION OF GENOMIC INTEGRITY IN MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 59
Abstract 59
Introduction and Historical Perspective 60
Mutation Frequencies in Somatic Cells 62
Protection of the Mouse ES Cell Genome 62
Conclusion
6. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 76
Abstract 76
Introduction 76
Embryonic Stem Cells as a Model to Study Transcriptional Regulation
Transcription Factors Governing ESC Pluripotency
Transcriptional Regulatory Network
Technologies for Dissecting the Transcriptional Regulatory Network 81
The Core Transcriptional Regulatory Network: Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog 82
Expanded Transcriptional Regulatory Network 84
Enhanceosomes: Transcription Factor Complex 86
Integration of Signaling Pathways to Transcriptional Network
Interface Between Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation
Conclusion
7. ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN STEM CELL SELF-RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION 92
Abstract
Introduction
Introduction to Alternative Splicing 93
Alternative Splicing of Genes Impficated in Sternness and Differentiation 93
Genome-Wide Methods to Identify and Detect Alternative Splicing Events 98
Regulation of Alternative Splicing by RNA Binding Proteins 98
Conclusion and Perspectives 101
8. MicroRNA REGULATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL SELF-RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION
Abstract 104
Introduction: The Self-Renewal Program 105
Embryonic Stem Cells
miRNA Biogenesis and Function 106
ESCC miRNAs Promote Self-Renewal 108
miRNAs Induced during ESC Differentiation Suppress the Self-Renewal Program 110
Regulatory Networks Controlling miRNA Expression 112
miRNAs Can Promote or Inhibit Dedifferentiation to iPS Cells 113
miRNAs in Somatic Stem Cells 113
miRNAS in Cancer Cells 114
Conclusion 114
9. TELOMERES AND TELOMERASE IN ADULT STEM CELLS AND PLURIPOTENT EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Abstract 118
Introduction 119
Regulation of Telomeres and Telomerase 120
Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in Adult SC Compartments
Telomeres and Telomerase Regulation during Reprogramming by SCNT
Telomeres and Telomerase Regulation during iPS Cell Generation
Telomerase Activation is Essential for the "Good" Quality of the Resulting iPS Cells
Regulation of Telomere Reprogramming 126
Conclusion 127
10. X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION AND EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 132
Abstract 132
Introduction 132
C/s Acting Factors in XCI 134
Trans Acting Factors in XCI 136
Counting and Choice 136
Silencing and Maintenance of Silencing 141
XCI and Human ES cells 144
Conclusion 146
11. ADULT STEM CELLS AND THEIR NICHES 155
Abstract 155
The Niche Concept, Definition and Historical Background 155
Stem Cell Niche Components 157
Molecular Pathways Associated with Niche Function 159
Extracellular Matrix and Cell-Cell Interactions 160
Stem Cell Niche Dynamism 161
Stem Cell Niche Aging 162
Malignant Stem Cell Niches 163
Conclusion 164
12. ADULT STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND TRAFFICKING AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN DISEASE 169
Abstract 169
Differentiation 170
Trafficking 174
Conclusion 179
13. VERTEBRATES THAT REGENERATE AS MODELS FOR GUIDING STEM CELLS 184
Abstract 184
Vertebrate Models of Regeneration: Their Attributes 184
Regeneration Mechanisms of Mature Tissues 186
Conclusion 206
14. REPROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC CELLS TO PLURIPOTENCY 215
Abstract 215
Introduction 215
Somatic Nuclear Reprogramming in Frog 216
Birth of a Cloned Animal, Dolly 216
Changing Cell Fate by Defined Factors, MyoD 216
Reprogramming of Somatic Cells by Cell Fusion 217
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Sox2, Oct3/4, Klf4 and c-Myc 217
Methods for Ips Cell Induction 219
Molecular Mechanism for Ips Cell Generation 220
Directed Cell Reprogramming: [3-Cells from Pancreatic Cells 220
Directed Cell Reprogramming: Neuronal Cells from Fibroblasts 220
Disease iPS Cells for Clinical Applications 221
Conclusion 222
INDEX 225