Introduction to plant physiology / William G. Hopkins and Norman P. A. Huner. — 4th ed. — Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons, c2009. – (58.843/H796/4th ed.)

Contents

    Contents
    
    Chapter 1 Plant Cells and Water 1
    1.1 Water has Unique Physical and Chemical Properties 2
    1.2 The Thermal Properties of Water are Biologically Important 3
    1.3 Water is the Universal Solvent 4
    1.4 Polarity of Water Molecules Results in Cohesion and Adhesion 4
    1.5 Water Movement may be Governed by Diffusion or by Bulk Flow 5
    1.6 Osmosis is the Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane 6
    1.7 Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic Pressure are Two Components of Water Potential 11
    1.8 Water Potential is the Sum of its Component Potentials 11
    1.9 Dynamic Flux of H20 is Associated with Changes in Water Potential 12
    1.10 Aquaporins Facilitate the Cellular Movement of Water 13
    1.11 Two-Component Sensing/Signalling Systems are Involved in Osmoregulation 15
    Chapter 2 Whole Plant Water Relations 19
    2.1 Transpiration is Driven by Differences in Vapor Pressure 20
    2.2 The Driving Force of Transpiration is Differences in Vapor Pressure 21
    2.3 The Rate of Transpiration is Influenced by Environmental Factors 22
    2.4 Water Conduction Occurs via Tracheary Elements 24
    2.5 The Ascent of Xylem SAP is Explained by Combining Transpiration with the Cohesive Forces of Water 27
    2.6 Water Loss due to Transpiration must be Replenished 33
    2.7 Roots Absorb and Transport Water 34
    2.8 The Permeability of Roots to Water Varies 35
    2.9 Radial Movement of Water Through the Root Involves Two Possible Pathways 36
    Box 2.1 Why Transpiration? 25
    Chapter 3 Roots， Soils， and Nutrient Uptake 39
    3.1 The Soil as a Nutrient Reservoir 40
    3.2 Nutrient Uptake 42
    3.3 Selective Accumulation of Ions by Roots 46
    3.4 Electrochemical Gradients and Ion Movement 46
    3.5 Electrogenic Pumps are Critical for Cellular Active Transport 49
    3.6 Cellular Ion Uptake Processes are Interactive 52
    3.7 Root Architecture is Important to Maximize Ion Uptake 52
    3.8 The Radial Path of Ion Movement Through Roots 54
    3.9 Root-Microbe Interactions 56
    Box 3.1 Electrophysiology--Exploring Ion Channels 44
    Chapter 4 Plants and Inorganic Nutrients 61
    4.1 Methods and Nutrient Solutions 62
    4.2 The Essential Nutrient Elements 65
    4.3 Beneficial Elements 66
    4.4 Nutrient Functions and Deficiency Symptoms 67
    4.5 Toxicity of Micronutrients 75
    Chapter 5 Bioenergetics and ATP Synthesis 77
    5.1 Bioenergetics and Energy Transformations in Living Organisms 78
    5.2 Energy Transformations and Coupled Reactions 81
    5.3 Energy Transduction and the Chemiosmotic Synthesis of ATP 85
    Box 5.1 Plastid Biogenesis 86
    Chapter 6 The Dual Role of Sunlight: Energy and Information 93
    6.1 The Physical Nature of Light 93
    6.2 The Natural Radiation Environment 99
    6.3 Photoreceptors Absorb Light for use in a Physiological Process 100
    Chapter 7 Energy Conservation in Photosynthesis: Harvesting Sunlight 109
    7.1 Leaves are Photosynthetic Machines that Maximize the Absorption of Light 110
    7.2 Photosynthesis is an Oxidation-Reduction Process 112
    7.3 Photosynthetic Electron Transport 114
    7.4 Photophosphorylation is the Light-Dependent Synthesis of ATP 120
    7.5 Lateral Heterogeneity is the Unequal Distribution of Thylakoid Complexes 122
    7.6 Cyanobacteria are Oxygenic 123
    7.7 Inhibitors of Photosynthetic Electron Transport are Effective Herbicides
    Box 7.1 Historical Perspeetive—The Discovery of Photosynthesis 113
    Box 7.2 The Case for Two Photosystems 12 5
    Chapter 8 Energy Conservation in Photosynthesis: CO2 Assimilation 129
    8.1 Stomatal Complex Controls Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Loss 130
    8.2 CO2 Enters the Leaf by Diffusion 132
    8.3 How Do Stomata Open and Close? 133
    8.4 Stomatal Movements are Also Controlled by External Environmental Factors 135
    8.5 The Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) Cycle 136
    8.6 The PCR Cycle is Highly Regulated 139
    8.7 Chloroplasts of C3 Plants also Exhibit Competing Carbon Oxidation Processes
    BOX 8.1 Enzyanes 146
    Chapter 9 Allocation， Translocation， and Partitioning of Photoassimilates 151
    9.1 Starch and Sucrose are Biosynthesized in Two Different Compartments 152
    9.2 Starch and Sucrose Biosynthesis are Competitive Processes 154
    9.3 Fructan Biosynthesis is An Alternative Pathway For Carbon Allocation 156
    9.4 Photoassimilates are Translocated Over Long Distances 156
    9.5 Sieve Elements are the Principal Cellular Constituents of the Phloem 159
    9.6 Direction of Translocation is Determined by Source-Sink Relationships 161
    9.7 Phloem Translocation Occurs by Mass Transfer 161
    9.8 Phloem Loading and Unloading Regulate Translocation and Partitioning 163
    9.9 Photoassimilate is Distributed Between Different Metabolic Pathways and Plant Organs 166
    9.10 Xenobiotic Agrochemicals are Translocated in the Phloem 170
    Chapter 10 Cellular Respiration: Unlocking the Energy Stored in Photoassimilates
    10.1 Cellular Respiration Consists of a Series of Pathways by Which Photoassimilates are Oxidized 174
    10.2 Starch Mobilization 175
    10.3 Frnctan Mobilization is Constitutive 178
    10.4 Glycolysis Converts Sugars to Pyrnvic Acid 178
    10.5 The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway is an Alternative Route for Glucose Metabolism 180
    10.6 The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on the Availability of Molecular Oxygen 181
    10.7 Oxidative Respiration is Carried out by the Mitochondrion 182
    10.8 Energy is Conserved in the Form of ATP in Accordance with Chemiosmosis 185
    10.9 Plants Contain Several Alternative Electron Transport Pathways 186
    10.10 Many Seeds Store Carbon as Oils that are Converted to Sugar 188
    10.11 Respiration Provides Carbon Skeletons for Biosynthesis 189
    10.12 Respiratory Rate Varies with Development and Metabolic State 191
    10.13 Respiration Rates Respond to Environmental Conditions 192
    Chapter 11 Nitrogen Assimilation 195 12.2
    11.1 The Nitrogen Cycle: A Complex Pattern of Exchange
    11.2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation is Exclusively Prokaryotic 196
    11.3 Legumes Exhibit Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 197
    11.4 The Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation 200
    11.5 The Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation 203
    11.6 NH3 Produced by Nitrogen Fixation is Converted to Organic Nitrogen 204
    11.7 Plants Generally Take up Nitrogen in the Form of Nitrate 207
    11.8 Nitrogen Cycling: Simultaneous Import and Export 208
    11.9 Agricultural and Ecosystem Productivity is Dependent on Nitrogen Supply 209
    Chapter 12 Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation and Plant Productivity 213
    12.1 Productivity Refers to an Increase in Biomass 213
    12.2 Carbon Economy is Dependent on the Balance Between Photosynthesis and Respiration 214
    12.3 Productivity is Influenced by a Variety of Environmental Factors 215
    Chapter 13 Responses of Plants to Environmental Stress 223
    13.1 What is Plant Stress? 223
    13.2 Plants Respond to Stress in Several Different Ways 224
    13.3 Too Much Light Inhibits Photosynthesis 225
    13.4 Water Stress is a Persistent Threat to Plant Survival 229
    13.5 Plants are Sensitive to Fluctuations in Temperature 233
    13.6 Insect Pests and Disease Represent Potential Biotic Stresses 235
    13.7 There are Features Common to all Stresses 237
    BOX 13.1 Monitoring Plant Stress by Chlorophyll Fluorescence 228
    Chapter 14 Acclimation to Environmental Stress 241
    14.1 PlantAcclimationisaTime-Dependent Phenomenon 242
    14.2 Acclimation is Initiated by Rapid， Short-Term Responses 242
    14.3 Long-Term Acclimation Alters Phenotype 249
    14.4 Freezing Tolerance in Herbaceous Species is a Complex Interaction Between Light and Low Temperature 255
    14.5 Plants Adjust Photosynthetic Capacity in Response to High Temperature 257
    14.6 Oxygen may Protect During Accimation to Various Stresses 258
    Chapter 15 Adaptations to the Environment 261
    15.1 Sun and Shade Adapted Plants Respond Differentially to Irradiance 262
    15.2 C4 Plants are Adapted to High Temperature and Drought 263
    15.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism is an Adaptation to Desert Life 267
    15.4 C4 and CAM Photosynthesis Require Precise Regulation and Temporal Integration 269
    15.5 Plant Biomes Reflect Myriad Physiological Adaptations 270
    Chapter 16 Development: An Overview 275
    16.1 Growth， Differentiation， and Development 275
    16.2 Meristems are Centers of Plant Growth 277
    16.3 Seed Development and Germination 279
    16.4 From Embryo to Adult 285
    16.5 Senescence and Programmed Cell Death are the Final Stages of Development 286
    Box 16.1 Development in a Mutant Weed 282
    Chapter 17 Growth and Development of Cells 289
    17.1 Growth of Plant Cells is Complicated by the Presence of a Cell Wall 289
    17.2 Cell Division 292
    17.3 Cell Walls and Cell Growth 294
    17.4 A Continuous Stream of Signals Provides Information that Plant Cells Use to Modify Development 298
    17.5 Signal Transduction Includes a Diverse Array of Second Messengers 300
    17.6 There is Extensive Crosstalk Among Signal Pathways 303
    Box 17.1 Cytoskeleton 295
    Box 17.2 Ubiquitin and Proteasomes--Cleaning up Unwanted Proteins 302
    Chapter 18 Hormones I: Auxins 305
    18.1 The Hormone Concept in Plants 305
    18.2 Auxin is Distributed Throughout the Plant 306
    18.3 The Principal Auxin in Plants is Indole-3-Acetic Acid (LAA) 307
    18.4 IAA is Synthesized from the Amino Acid 1-Tryptophan 309
    18.5 Some Plants do not Require Tryptophan for IAA Biosynthesis 310
    18.6 IAA may be Stored as Inactive Conjugates 310
    18.7 IAA is Deactivated by Oxidation and Conjugation with Amino Acids 311
    18.8 Auxin is Involved in Virtually Every Stage of Plant Development 311
    18.9 The Acid-Growth Hypothesis Explains Auxin Control of Cell Enlargement 314
    18.10 Maintenance of Auxin-Induced Growth and Other Auxin Effects Requires Gene Activation 316
    18.11 Many Aspects of Plant Development are Linked to the Polar Transport of Auxin
    BOX 18.1 Discovering Auxin 307
    Box 18.2 Commercial Applications of Auxins 314
    Chapter 19 Hormones II: Gibberellins 323
    19.1 There are a Large Number of Gibberellins 323
    19.2 There are Three Principal Sites for Gibberellin Biosynthesis 324
    19.3 Gibberellins are Terpenes， Sharing a Core Pathway with Several Other Hormones and a Wide Range of Secondary Products 325
    19.4 Gibberellins are Synthesized from Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate (GGPP) 327
    19.5 Gibberellins are Deactivated by 2β-Hydroxylation 329
    19.6 Growth Retardants Block the Synthesis of Gibberellins 329
    19.7 Gibberellin Transport is Poorly Understood 330
    19.8 Gibberellins Affect Many Aspects of Plant Growth and Development 330
    19.9 Gibberellins Act by Regulating Gene Expression 333
    Box 19.1 Discovery ofGibberellins 325
    Box 19.2 Commercial Applications of Gibberellins 330
    Box 19.3 Della Proteins and the Green Revolution 335
    Chapter 20 Hormones Ill: Cytokinins 339
    20.1 Cytoldnins are Adenine Derivatives 339
    20.2 Cytokinins are Synthesized Primarily in the Root and Translocated in the Xylem 341
    20.3 Cytokinins are Required for Cell Proliferation 343
    20.4 Cytoldnin Receptor and Signaling 350
    Box 20.1 The Discovery" of Cytokinins 341
    Box 20.2 Tissue Culture has Made Possible Large-Scale Cloning of Plants by Micropropagation 345
    Chapter 21 Hormones IV: Abscisic Acid， Ethylene， and Brassinosteroids 355
    21.1 Abscisic Acid 355
    21.2 Ethylene 362
    21.3 Brassinosteroids 367
    Box 21.1 The Discovery of Abscisic Acid 356
    Box 21.2 The Discovery of Ethylene 363
    Box 21.3 Mitogenactivated Protein Kinase: A widespread Mechanism for Signal Transduction 366
    Chapter 22 Photomorphogenesis: Responding to Light 373
    22.1 Photomorphogenesis is Initiated by Photoreceptors 373
    22.2 Phytochromes: Responding to Red and Far-Red Light 374
    22.3 Cryptochrome: Responding to Blue and UV-A Light 379
    22.4 Phytochrome and Cryptochrome Mediate Numerous Developmental Responses 379
    22.5 Chemistry and Mode of Action of Phytochrome and Cryptochrome 383
    22.6 Some Plant Responses are Regulated by UV-B Light 387
    22.7 De-Etiolation in Arabidopsis: A Case Study in Photoreceptor Interactions
    Box 22.1 Historical Perspectives--The Discovery of Phytochrome 375
    Chapter 23 Tropisms and Nastic Movements: Orienting Plants in Space 391
    23.1 Phototropism: Reaching for the Sun 392
    23.2 Gravitropism 398
    23.3 Nastic Movements 405
    Box 23.1 Methods in the Study of Gravitropism 400
    Chapter 24 Measuring Time: Controlling Development by Photoperiod and Endogenous Clocks 413
    24.1 Photoperiodism 414
    24.2 The Biological Clock 423
    24.3 Photoperiodism in Nature 430
    Box 24.1 Historical Perspectives: The Discovery of Photoperiodism 414
    Box 24.2 ttistorical Perspectives: The Biological Clock 422
    Chapter 25 Flowering and Fruit Development 433
    25.1 Flower Initiation and Development Involves the Sequential Action of Three Sets of Genes 433
    25.2 Temperature can Alter the Flowering Response to Photoperiod 437
    25.3 Fruit Set and Development is Regulated by Hormones 442
    Box 25.1 Ethylene: It's a Gas! 445
    Chapter 26 Temperature: Plant Development and Distribution 447
    26.1 Temperature in the Plant Environment 447
    26.2 Bud Dormancy 449
    26.3 Seed Dormancy 451
    26.4 Thermoperiodism is a Response to Alternating Temperature 454
    26.5 Temperature Influences Plant Distribution 454
    Box 26.1 Bulbs and Corms 450
    Chapter 27 Secondary Metabolites 459
    27.1 Secondary Metabolites: A.K.A Natural Products 459
    27.2 Terpenes 460
    27.3 Glycosides 463
    27.4 Phenylpropanoids 467
    27.5 Secondary Metabolites are Active Against Insects and Disease 474
    27.6 Jasmonates are Linked to Ubiquitin-Related Protein Degradation 476
    27.7 Alkaloids 476
    Appendix Building Blocks: Lipids， Proteins， and Carbobydrates 481
    1.1 Lipids 481
    1.2 Proteins 483
    1.3 Carbohydrates 485
    Index/Glossary 489