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Development of the nervous system / Dan H. Sanes, Thomas A. Reh, William A. Harris. — 3rd ed. — Burlington, MA : Academic Press, c2012. – (59.592/S223/3rd ed.) |
Contents
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
1. Neural induction
Development and evolution of neurons 1
Early embryology of metazoans 1
Derivation of neural tissue 2
Interactions with neighboring tissues in making neural tissue 7
The molecular nature of the neural inducer 10
Conservation of neural induction 13
Interactions among the ectodermal cells in controlling neuroblast segregation 17
Summary 21
References 21
2. Polarity and segmentation 23
Regional identity of the nervous system 23
The anterior-posterior axis and hox genes 24
Hox gene function in the vertebrate nervous system 26
Signaling molecules that pattern the anterior-posterior axis in vertebrates: heads or tails 29
Organizing centers in the developing brain 33
Forebrain development， prosomeres， and pax genes 34
Dorsal-ventral polarity in the neural tube 38
Dorsal neural tube and neural crest 40
Patterning the cerebral cortex 44
Summary 47
References 47
3. Genesis and migration 49
What determines the number of cells produced by the progenitors? 52
The generation of neurons and glia 55
Cerebral cortex histogenesis 58
Cerebellar cortex histogenesis 63
Molecular mechanisms of neuronal migration 65
Postembryonic and adult neurogenesis 67
Summary 73
References 73
4. Determination and differentiation 77
Transcriptional hierarchies in invariant lineages: C. elegans neurons 79
Spatial and temporal coordinates of determination: Drosophila CNS neuroblasts 82
Asymmetric cell divisions and asymmetric fate 83
Generating complexity through cellular interactions: the Drosophila retina 85
Specification and differentiation through cellular interactions and interactions with the local environment: the vertebrate neural crest 87
Competence and histogenesis: the mammalian cortex 90
The interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic influences in histogenesis: the vertebrate retina 92
Interpreting gradients and the spatial organization of cell types: spinal motor neurons 98
Summary 102
References 103
5. Axon growth and guidance 105
The growth cone 106
The dynamic cytoskeleton 110
Dendrite formation 115
What do growth cones grow on? 117
What provides directional information to growth cones? 120
Cell adhesion and labeled pathways 121
Repulsive guidance 124
Chemotaxis， gradients， and local information 126
Signal transduction 129
The midline: to cross or not to cross? 130
Attraction and repulsion: desensitization and adaptation 131
The optic pathway: getting there from here 134
Summary 138
References 138
6. Target selection 143
Defasciculation 143
Target recognition and target entry 144
Slowing down and branching in the target region 146
Border patrol: the prevention of inappropriate targeting 147
Topographic mapping 149
Chemospecificity and ephrins 150
The third dimension， lamina-specific termination 153
Cellular and synaptic targeting 157
Sniffing out targets 158
Shifting and fine tuning of connections 162
Summary 166
References 166
7. Naturally-occurring neuron death 171
What does neuron death look like? 171
Early elimination of progenitor cells 173
How many differentiated neurons die? 173
Survival depends on the synaptic target 174
NGF: a target-derived survival factor 176
The neurotrophin family 178
The trk family of neurotrophin receptors 179
How does the neurotrophin signal reach the soma? 181
The p75 neurotrophin receptor can initiate cell death 182
Cytokines act as neuron survival factors 184
Hormonal control of neuron survival 186
Cell death requires protein synthesis 188
Intracellular signaling pathways that mediate survival 188
Intracellular signaling pathways that mediate death 191
Caspases: agents of death 192
Bcl-2 proteins: regulators of programmed cell death 194
Removal of dying neurons 196
Synaptic transmission at the target 197
Afferent regulation of neuron survival 198
Intracellular calcium mediates both survival and death 199
Summary 201
References 201
8. Synapse formation and function 209
What do newly formed synapses look like? 214
Where do synapses form on the postsynaptic cell? 215
How rapidly are synapses added to the nervous system? 217
The first signs of synapse function 217
The decision to form a synapse 220
The sticky synapse 221
Converting growth cones to presynaptic terminals 223
Receptor clustering and postsynaptic differentiation at the NMJ 225
Agrin is a transynaptic clustering signal at the NMJ 226
Receptor clustering signals in the CNS 228
Scaffold proteins and receptor aggregation in the CNS 230
Innervation increases receptor expression and insertion 232
Synaptic activity regulates receptor density 234
Maturation of transmission and receptor isoform transitions 236
Maturation of transmitter reuptake 238
Short-term plasticity 239
Appearance of synaptic inhibition 240
Is inhibition really inhibitory during development? 240
Summary 241
References 242
9. Refinement of synaptic connections 249
The early pattern of connections 249
Functional synapses are eliminated 250
Many axonal arborizations are eliminated or refined 252
The sensory environment influences synaptic connections 255
Activity influences synapse elimination at the NMJ 260
Synapse refinement is reflected in sensory coding properties 261
Activity contributes to topography and the alignment of maps 263
Spontaneous activity and afferent refinement 266
Critical periods: enhanced plasticity during development 268
Heterosynaptic depression and synapse elimination 269
Involvement of intracellular calcium 272
Calcium-activated second messenger systems 273
Gain control 275
Homeostatic plasticity: the more things change， the more they stay the same 276
Plasticity of inhibitory connections 277
Synaptic influence on neuron morphology 279
Summary 281
References 281
10. Behavioral development 287
Behavioral ontogeny 287
The first movements are spontaneous 288
The mechanism of spontaneous movements 289
More complex behavior is assembled from the integration of simple circuits 290
The role of activity in the emergence of coordinated behavior 294
Stage-specific behaviors 296
Genetic determinants of behavior 298
Environmental determinants of behavioral development 299
Beginning to make sense of the world 302
Asking babies questions (and getting some answers!) 302
Acute hearing 303
Sharp eyesight 306
Sex-specific behavior 308
Genetic sex 309
Hormonal control of brain gender 309
Singing in the brain 311
Genetic control of brain gender in flies 311
From genome to brain gender in vertebrates? 312
Genomic imprinting: the ultimate in parental control 313
Hit the ground learning 315
Learning preferences from aversions 317
Skill learning: it don't come easy 319
Getting information from one brain to another 321
Language 322
Summary 325
References 325
Molecules and Genes Index 331
Subject Index 335
