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Immunohematology : principles and practice / [edited by] Eva D. Quinley. — 3rd ed. — Baltimore, MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2011. – (59.523/I33/3rd ed.) |
Contents
Contents
Preface
Contributors
UNIT 1 BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS
1 Blood Collection and Processing 1
Recruitment of Donors 2
Donor Registration 2
Uniform Donor History Questionnaire 2
Physical Assessment 3
Confidential Unit Exclusion 7
Consent 7
Blood Collection 7
Donor Reactions 10
Donor Unit Processing 10
Special Donations 13
SUMMARY 15
REVIEW QUESTIONS 15
REFERENCES 16
2 Automated Collection of Blood Products
Brief History on the Separation of Blood 18
Separation by Centrifugation (Intermittent or Continuous Flow)
Bowl Technology 18
Therapeutic Uses of Apheresis 23
SUMMARY 23
REVIEW QUESTIONS 24
REFERENCES 25
ADDITIONAL READINGS 25
3 Blood Components: Preparation， Storage， and Transport 26
Anticoagulants 27
Additive Solutions 28
Blood Collection Sets 28
Whole Blood 30
Red Blood Cells 30
Plasma 32
Cryoprecipitate 33
Platelets 33
Granulocytes 34
Aliquoting 35
Irradiation of Blood Components 35
Labeling Requirements 36
Storage of Blood Components 37
Transport of Blood Components 37
SUMMARY 39
REVIEW QUESTIONS 39
REFERENCES 40
UNIT 2 GENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC PRINCIPLES
4 Genetics
Mitosis and Meiosis 42
Phenotypes and Genotypes 45
Inheritance Patterns 45
Contribution of Blood Group Genetics to the field of human genetics
Population Genetics 47
Linkage 48
Crossing-Over and Recombination 48
Positional or Modifier Effects of Genes 49
Gene Action 49
Silent Genes 49
Blood Group Nomenclature 50
Public and Private Genes 50
Blood Group Genes as Genetic Markers 50
SUMMARY 51
REVIEW QUESTIONS 51
REFERENCES 52
ADDITIONAL READINGS 52
5 Basic Immunologic Principles
Cellular and Humoral Immunity 54
Leukocytes: Cells of the Immune System 54
Immunogens versus Antigens 61
Antibodies 62
Antigen-Antibody Reactions 66
Immune Response to Blood Products and subsequent hemagglutination
Complement 69
SUMMARY 73
REVIEW QUESTIONS 73
REFERENCES 73
UNIT 3 PRINCIPLES OF TESTING
6 Red Cell Antibody Detection and Identification
Red Cell Antigen and Antibody Reactions 75
Selection of Method for Detection of Antibodies 76
Principles of the Antiglobulin Test 76
Antibody Screening 77
Antibody Identification 79
Serologic Testing for Provision of Blood Products 85
Lean Approach 86
Diagnostic Testing for Autoimmune Disease 87
Unexpected Reactivity Not Due to Red cell antibodies
Integration of Serologic and Molecular Testing 91
Clinical Relevance of Red Cell Alloantibodies 91
SUMMARY 92
REVIEW QUESTIONS 92
REFERENCES 92
ADDITIONAL READINGS 94
7 Molecular Testing for Blood Groups in Transfusion Medicine
From DNA to Blood Groups 96
Applications of Molecular Analysis 98
Other Applications for Molecular Analyses 102
Regulatory Compliance 104
SUMMARY 104
REVIEW QUESTIONS 104
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 105
REFERENCES 105
8 Pretransfusion Testing 107
Pretransfusion Testing 108
Type and Screen 110
The Crossmatch 113
Special Considerations for Infants Younger than 4 months of age
Blood Requests for Surgery 115
Exceptional Protocols 116
Issuing Blood 116
SUMMARY 117
REVIEW QUESTIONS 117
REFERENCES 118
UNIT 4 RED BLOOD CELL GROUPS AND HLA 119
9 The ABO Blood Group System 119
Inheritance 120
Bombay Phenotype 121
Antigen Development 123
Antibodies of the ABO System 124
ABH System in Disease 127
Secretor Status 127
Subgroups of A 128
Subgroups of B 129
Discrepancies in ABO Grouping 129
SUMMARY 134
REVIEW QUESTIONS 134
REFERENCES 135
PROCEDURAL APPENDIX I 136
PROCEDURAL APPENDIX II 137
PROCEDURAL APPENDIX III 138
10 The Rh Blood Group System
Genes 139
Nomenclature 140
D Antigen 142
C and c Antigens 143
E and e Antigens 143
The G Antigen 144
Compound Antigens 144
Rhnull 144
Rh Antibodies 144
Rh Immune Globulin 145
Rh Molecular Testing 145
Rh Serologic Reagents 145
Rh Typing Discrepancies 147
SUMMARY 147
REVIEW QUESTIONS 148
ADDITIONAL READINGS 148
PROCEDURAL APPENDIX 149
11 Other Blood Group Systems 150
Classification and Nomenclature 150
Carrier Molecule Type 153
Carrier Molecule Function 153
Phenotypes 154
MNS Blood Group System (ISBT 002) 154
P Blood Group System (ISBT 003)， Globoside Blood Group System (ISBT 028)， and Globoside Blood Group Collection 158
Lutheran Blood Group System (ISBT 005) 161
Kell Blood Group System (ISBT 006) 162
Lewis Blood Group System (ISBT 007) 165
Duffy Blood Group System (ISBT 008) 169
Kidd Blood Group System (ISBT 009) 170
Diego Blood Group System (ISBT 010) 171
Yt Blood Group System (ISBT 011) 172
Xg Blood Group System (ISBT 012) 173
Scianna Blood Group System (ISBT 013) 174
Dombrock Blood Group System (ISBT 014) 174
Colton Blood Group System (ISBT 015) 174
Chido/Rogers Blood Group System (ISBT 017) 175
Kx Blood Group System (ISBT 019) 175
Gerbich Blood Group System (ISBT 020) 175
Cromer Blood Group System (ISBT 021) 176
KNOPS Blood Group System (ISBT 022) 177
Indian Blood Group System (ISBT 023) 177
Ok Blood Group System (ISBT 024) 177
RAPH Blood Group System (ISBT 025) 177
JMH Blood Group System (ISBT 026) 178
I Blood Group System (ISBT 027) and Ii Blood Group Collection 178
GIL Blood Group System (ISBT 029) 179
RH-Associated Glycoprotein (ISBT 30) 180
Blood Group Collections 180
Series of Low- and High-Incidence Antigens 181
SUMMARY 182
REVIEW QUESTIONS 183
REFERENCES 183
ADDITIONAL READINGS 187
12 Human Leukocyte Antigens 188
Genomic Organization of the HLA System 189
Structures and Functions of MHC Molecules 189
Nomenclature of HLA 192
Inheritance of HLA 194
Clinical Histocompatibility Testing 195
Screening and Characterization of HLA Antibody 205
Clinical Applications 208
HLA and Disease Association 211
SUMMARY 212
REVIEW QUESTIONS 212
REFERENCES 213
UNIT 5 TRANSFUSION PRACTICES
13 Transfusion Therapy and the Role of the Medical Director in Blood Banking
Whole Blood 218
Red Blood Cells 218
Platelets 222
Granulocyte Transfusions 224
Plasma 225
Cryoprecipitated Antihemophilic Factor (Cryoprecipitate) 226
Massive Transfusion 228
Pediatric Transfusion 228
Alternatives to Allogeneic Transfusion 229
SUMMARY 230
REVIEW QUESTIONS 231
REFERENCES 231
UNIT 6 CLINICAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
14 Adverse Effects of Transfusion
Investigation of Adverse Reactions 234
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury 235
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload 237
Red Blood Cell Antigen-Antibody Reactions 238
Delayed Extravascular Hemolysis 241
Transfusion-Related Bacterial Infection 242
Allergic and Anaphylactic Reactions 243
Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reaction 244
Delayed Transfusion Reactions 245
Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease 245
Posttransfusion Purpura 245
Alloimmunization to HLA Antigens 246
Miscellaneous Reactions 246
Storage Lesion 247
Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Transfusion 248
Records of Adverse Transfusion Events 248
REVIEW QUESTIONS 249
REFERENCES 250
15 Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases 252
Viral Infections 252
Bacterial Infections 273
Parasitic Infections 276
SUMMARY 279
REVIEW QUESTIONS 279
REFERENCES 280
ADDITIONAL READINGS 281
16 Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn 283
Maternal Alloimmunization 284
Pathophysiology of HDFN 284
Assessing the Risk for Hemolytic Disease 285
Nonserologic Method of Assessing Fetal Risk 288
Obtaining a Fetal Blood Specimen 288
Intrauterine Transfusions 290
Cord Blood Testing 290
Compatibility Testing for Transfusion After Birth 291
Prevention of HDNF Due to Anti-D 292
Serologic Testing 293
Quantifying Fetal-Maternal Hemorrhage 293
Neonatal Thrombocytopenic Purpura 294
SUMMARY 294
REVIEW QUESTIONS 294
REFERENCES 295
17 Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias and Drug-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia 297
Immune Hemolysis 298
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 301
Cold Agglutinin Syndrome 303
Mixed-Type AIHA 304
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria 305
Drug-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia 305
SUMMARY 315
REVIEW QUESTIONS 315
REFERENCES 316
UNIT 7 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND REGULATORY ISSUES 319
18 Quality Assurance and Safety in Immunohematology 319
Quality Assurance 320
Biosafety in Blood Establishments 333
SUMMARY 339
REVIEW QUESTIONS 339
REFERENCES 340
ADDITIONAL READINGS 340
19 Regulations and Standards
AABB 342
The Food and Drug Administration 344
The Joint Commission 349
College of American Pathologists 349
Other Agencies 350
SUMMARY 351
REVIEW QUESTIONS 352
REFERENCES 352
ADDITIONAL READINGS 352
UNIT 8 ADDITIONAL TOPICS OF INTEREST 354
20 Information Technology 354
Regulatory Requirements for Computer Systems 355
Terminolgoy 355
Validation 355
Implementing Computerization 356
Information Technology Procedures 358
SLRVIMARY 358
REVIEW QUESTIONS 358
REFERENCES 359
21 Process Management
Understanding Processes 360
Process Control Elements 361
Statistical Process Control 362
Total Quality Tools 363
Supplier Qualification 369
Change Control 370
Six Sigma and Lean 370
SUMMARY 372
REVIEW QUESTIONS 373
REFERENCES 373
ADDITIONAL READINGS 373
22 Principles of Project Management
What Is a Project? 374
What Is Project Management and what is a project manager
Overview of Project Management Body of Knowledge: Processes and Knowledge Areas 375
So You Want to Implement Project Management? 378
What Is Program and Portfolio Management? 379
SUMMARY: VALUE AND PITFALLS OF Project Management
REVIEW QUESTIONS 380
REFERENCES 381
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
Glossary
Index
