Marine mammals : evolutionary biology / Annalisa Berta, James L. Sumich, Kit M. Kovacs ; with illustrations by Pieter Arend Folkens, Peter J. Adam. — 2nd ed. — Amsterdam ; Boston ; London : Elsevier/Academic Press, c2006. – (59.1919/B536/2nd ed.)

Contents

    CONTENTS
    
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    1. Introduction
    1.1. Marine Mammals--"What Are They?"
    1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life
    1.3. Scope and Use of This Book
    1.4. Time Scale
    1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals
    1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science
    1.7. Further Reading and Resources
    References
    PART l: EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
    2. Systematics and Classification
    2.1. Introduction: Systematics--What Is It and Why Do It?
    2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts
    2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics?
    2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses
    2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework: Elucidating Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns
    2.6. Taxonomy and Classification
    2.7. Summary and Conclusions
    2.8. Further Reading
    References
    3. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics
    3.1. Introduction
    3.2. Origin and Evolution
    3.3. Summary and Conclusions
    3.4. Further Reading
    References
    4. Cetacean Evolution and Systematics
    4.1. Introduction
    4.2. Origin and Evolution
    4.3. Summary and Conclusions
    4.4. Further Reading
    References
    5. Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics
    5.1. Introduction
    5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians
    5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives—Desmostylia
    5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran， Kolponomos
    5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth， Thalassoenusnatans
    5.6. The Sea Otter， Enhydra lutris
    5.7. The Polar Bear， Ursus maritimus
    5.8. Summary and Conclusions
    5.9. Further Reading
    References
    6. Evolutionary Biogeography
    6.1. Introduction--What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important?
    6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals
    6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution
    6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns
    6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution
    6.6. Summary and Conclusions
    6.7. Further Reading and Resources
    References
    PART 11: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY， ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
    7. Integumentary and Sensory Systems
    7.1. Introduction
    7.2. Integumentary System
    7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs
    7.4. Summary and Conclusions
    7.5. Further Reading
    References
    8. Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion
    8.1. Introduction
    8.2. Pinnipeds
    8.3. Cetaceans
    8.4. Sirenians
    8.5. Sea Otter
    8.6. Polar Bear
    8.7. Summary and Conclusions
    8.8. Further Reading
    References
    9. Encrgetics
    9.1. Introduction
    9.2. Metabolic Rates
    9.3. Thermoregulation
    9.4. Energetics of Locomotion
    9.5. Osmoregulation
    9.6. Summary and Conclusions
    9.7. Further Reading
    References
    10. Respiration and Diving Physiology
    10.1. Introduction
    10.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders
    10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving
    10.4. Diving Response
    10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns
    10.6. Summary and Conclusions
    10.7. Further Reading
    References
    11. Sound Production for Communication， Echolocation， and Prey Capture 270
    11.1. Introduction
    11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water
    11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception
    11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds
    11.5. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate and Low-Frequency Military Sonars
    11.6. Summary and Conclusions
    11.7. Further Reading
    References
    12. Diet， Foraging Structures， and Strategies
    12.1. Introduction
    12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance
    12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds
    12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans
    12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians
    12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals
    12.7. Summary and Conclusions
    12.8. Further Reading
    References
    13. Reproductive Structures， Strategies， and Patterns
    13.1. Introduction
    13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
    13.3. Mating Systems
    13.4. Lactation Strategies
    13.5. Reproductive Patterns
    13.6. Summary and Conclusions
    13.7. Further Reading
    References
    14. Population Structure and Dynamics
    14.1. Introduction
    14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals
    14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations
    14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics
    14.5. Summary and Conclusions
    14.6. Further Reading
    References
    15. Exploitation and Conservation
    15.1. Introduction
    15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals
    15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection
    15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals
    15.5. Environmental Contaminants
    15.6. Single Beachings vs Mass Strandings
    15.7. Ecotourism
    15.8. Progress and the Future
    15.9. Summary and Conclusions
    15.10. Further Reading
    References
    Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals
    Glossary
    Index