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Human growth and development / edited by Noel Cameron and Barry Bogin. — 2nd ed. — Amsterdam ; Boston : Academic Press, 2012. – (59.5186/H918h/2nd ed.)

Contents

    CONTENTS
    
    Contributors
    Introduction
    1. The Human Growth Curve, Canalization and Catch-Up Growth
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Historical Background
    1.3 The Distance Curve of Growth
    1.4 The Velocity Growth Curve and Growth Spurts
    1.5 Other Patterns of Growth
    1.6 Growth Versus Maturity
    1.7 The Control of Growth
    1.8 Growth Reference Charts
    1.9 Canalization
    1.10 Catch Up Growth
    1.11 Summary and Conclusions
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    2. Growth in Infancy and Childhood: A Pediatric Approach
    2.1 introduction
    2.2 The Growth Curve
    2.3 Changes in Body Fat and Other Tissues
    2.4 Measurements of Clinical Importance
    2.5 Some Particular Features of Growth During Infancy and Childhood
    2.6 Growth Problems in Infancy and Childhood
    2.7 Causes of Short Stature
    2.8 Summary
    References
    Internet Resources
    3. Adolescent Growth
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 The Adolescent Growth Cycle
    3.3 Tempo of Growth
    3.4 Growth Modeling and Biological Parameters
    3.5 Individual Versus Average Growth
    3.6 Sex Differences in Growth
    3.7 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    4. Puberty
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 The Neuroendocrinology of Puberty
    4.3 Upstream Factors Influencing Pubertal Timing
    4.4 Downstream Consequences of Pubertal Activation of the Hypothalamic--Pituitary--Gonadal Axis
    4.5 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    5. Endocrine Control of Growth
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Why Do Animals Grow?
    5.3 What Causes Animals to Grow?
    5.4 Structure of Insulin-Like Growth Factor
    5.5 Targeted Disruption of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Genes
    5.6 Growth Hormone Receptor
    5.7 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Deficiency
    5.8 Therapeutic Implications
    5.9 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    6. Nutrition and Growth
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Nutrition for Students of Growth
    6.3 Nutrition and Growth
    6.4 Transitions in Nutrition and Growth
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    7. Genomics, Epigenetics and Growth
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Genomic Factors that Influence and Regulate Growth
    7.3 Mutations in Genes
    7.4 Association Studies
    7.5 Epigenetic Factors that Influence and Regulate Growth
    7.6 Conclusion
    References
    Internet Resources
    8. The Genetic Epidemiology of Growth and Development
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Statistical Genetic Terms and Concepts
    8.3 Study Designs
    8.4 Studies of the Genetics of Growth and Development
    8.5 Examples from the Fels Longitudinal Study
    8.6 Summary
    Glossary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    9. Social and Economic Effects on Growth
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Socioeconomic Influences
    9.3 Consequences of Stature
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    10. Environmental Effects on Growth
    10.1 introduction
    10.2 Temperature and Climate
    10.3 Season
    10.4 High-Altitude Hypoxia
    10.5 Sleep
    10.6 Pollutants
    10.7 How Do We Interpret Differences in Growth Related to Environmental Factors?
    10.8 Conclusion
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    11. The Evolution of Human Growth
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Life History and Stages of the Life Cycle
    11.3 Human Life Stages
    11.4 Evolution of the Human Life Cycle
    11.5 Life-Cycle Trade-Offs and Risks for Children, Adolescents and Postmenopausal Women
    11.6 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    12. Early Environments, Developmental Plasticity and Chronic Degenerative Disease
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Evidence and Mechanisms
    12.3 Developmental Plasticity as a Means of Adaptation
    12.4 implications of Developmental Programming for Human Health Disparities
    12.5 Conclusion
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    13. Leg Length, Body Proportion, Health and Beauty
    13.1 Introduction
    13.2 Leg Length Defined
    13.3 Practical Methods and Techniques
    13.4 Evolutionary Background of Human Body Shape
    13.5 Size and Shape in Living Humans
    13.6 Developmental Plasticity
    13.7 Use of Leg Length in Human Biology and Environmental Epidemiology
    13.8 Leg Length and Risk for Morbidity and Mortality
    13.9 Leg Length and Beauty
    13.10 Conclusion
    13.11 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    internet Resources
    14. Physical Activity as a Factor in Growth and Maturation
    14.1 Introduction
    14.2 Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior
    14.3 Approaches to the Study of Physical Activity
    14.4 Physical Activity, Height, Weight and Body Composition
    14.5 Physical Activity and Biological Maturation
    14.6 Physical Activity and Physical Fitness
    14.7 Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Risk
    14.8 Training for Sport and the Growth and Maturation of Young Athletes
    14.9 Overview
    14.10 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    15. Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Brain Growth
    15.1 Introduction
    15.2 Comparative Perspectives on Brain Size and Metabolism
    15.3 Human Brain Growth: Patterns and Metabolic Consequences
    15.4 Brain Growth and Body Composition
    15.5 Summary
    Glossary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    16. Saltation and Stasis
    16.1 Introduction
    16.2 Saltation and Stasis: How Children Grow
    16.3 Generation of the Saltation and Stasis Hypothesis
    16.4 Methods: How the Growth Process is Identified
    16.5 The Biology of Saltatory Growth: Mechanisms and Hypothesis Testing
    16.6 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    17. Lectures on Human Growth
    17.1 Introduction
    17.2 Endocrinology of Growth
    17.3 The Growth Hormone--Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 Axis and Its Association with Fetal Growth
    17.4 Endocrinology of Prepubertal Growth
    17.5 Endocrinology of Puberty
    17.6 Short Stature
    17.7 Conclusion
    Further Reading
    18. Body Composition During Growth and Development
    18.1
    18.2
    18.3
    18.4
    Introduction
    Basic Concepts
    Methods
    Body Composition and Growth
    18.5 Body Composition in Health and Disease
    18.6 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    19. The Measurement of Human Growth
    19.1 Introduction
    19.2 The Context of Measurement: Screening, Surveillance and Monitoring
    19.3 Accuracy, Precision, Reliability and Validity
    19.4 Frequency of Measurement
    19.5 Measurements
    19.6 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    20. Assessment of Maturation
    20.1 Introduction
    20.2 Initial Considerations
    20.3 Methods of Assessment
    20.4 Summary
    References
    Suggested Reading
    Internet Resources
    21. Growth References and Standards
    21.1 Introduction
    21.2 Defining the Reference Population
    21.3 Drawing the Sample
    21.4 Collecting the Data
    21.5 Cleaning the Data
    21.6 Estimating Distance Centiles
    21.7 Variants of the Distance Chart
    21.8 Interpreting the Curves
    21.9 Charting Velocity
    21.10 Conditional References
    21.11 Designing and Printing the Chart
    21.12 When to Replace
    21.13 Conclusion
    References
    Internet Resources