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Growth factors and their receptors in cell differentiation, cancer and cancer therapy / G.V. Sherbet. — London ; Waltham, MA : Elsevier, 2011. – (64.86/S551) |
Contents
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
Introduction
1. Convergence of Growth-Factor Signalling Pathways in Developmental Systems and Pathogenesis
2. Growth Factor Families
The Membrane-Receptor Binding Family of Growth Factors
Cystine-Knot Group of Growth Factors
The Intracellular-Receptor Binding Family of Ligands
3. Growth Factors in Differentiation and Morphogenesis
TGF-β Family Growth Factors in Differentiation and Morphogenesis
TGF-β in Tumour Growth， Invasion and Metastases
The TGF-β Signalling Cascade
The TGF-β Receptor Group
Receptor Types I and II in Signalling by TGF-β Ligands
Receptor Type III Endoglin-Mediated TGF-β Signalling
Receptor Type III Betaglycan in TGF-β Signalling
The Canonical Smad Pathway
The Effects of TGF-β on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Cell Proliferation， Invasion and Metastasis
Mediated by Type III Receptors
Endoglin as a Chemotherapeutic Target
Therapeutic Potential of Betaglycan
TGF-β and Organ-Specific Metastatic Spread
Non-Smad (Non-Canonical) Signalling
Non-Canonical TGF-β Signalling in Cancer Invasion and Angiogenesis
MicroRNAs， EMT and TGF-β Function
TGF-β Operates in Other Signalling Systems of Cell Adhesion and Motility
Interaction between Smad and Non-Smad Signalling
Signalling Links between BMP， Oestrogen and ER
Functional Synergy and Regulation between Smad and MAPK Pathways
Nodal Signalling in Development， Differentiation and Pattern Formation
Regulation of Nodal Signalling
Differential Activation of Contributory Pathways
Selective and Differential Activation of Transcription Factors
Nodal， miRNA and EMT
Requirement of Cofactors in Nodal Regulation
Functional Stability of Nodal
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Heterogeneity of BMP Signalling Cascade and Phenotypic Effects
Growth and Differentiation Factors
GDFs in Development and Differentiation
Co-ordination of GDF Signalling with Other TGF-β Family Members
Synergistic Signalling of GDFs with BMPs
GDF and Nodal Signalling in Embryonic Development
Collaborative Function of GDFs and Hormones
GDF Expression in Cancer
Activin and Inhibin Signalling
Signalling Antagonism between Activin and Inhibin
4. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
VEGF Signalling
Angiogenic Properties of VEGF Proximal and Distal Splice Variants
Synergy of VEGF with Other Angiogenic Signalling Systems
Notch Signalling in Angiogenesis
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) Cross-Talk in VEGF Signalling
The Interaction of ADAM Proteins with VEGF Signalling
Genetic Polymorphism in VEGF in Disease States
Is the Production of SNPs and VEGF Linked?
Functional Synergy of SNPs of Angiogenic Agents
Neovascularisation and Tumour Progression
Targeting VEGF and VEGFR in Cancer Treatment
5. Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Molecular Structure of HGF
HGF/MET Signalling
MET as a Therapeutic Target
6. The Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Family
PDGF in Cell Transformation and Cancer
Putative Collaborative Participation of PDGF in Angiogenic Signalling
PDGF and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
PDGF Signalling in Cell Proliferation and Migration
Co-operation with GPCR Pathway in Mitogenic Function
Signalling Specificity
PDGF Activates ets-1 Transcription Factor
Early Growth Response (egr) Zinc Finger Transcription Factors
MCP-1 in PDGF Effect
Relationship of PDGF Expression to Cancer Invasion and Progression
Genetic Changes in PDGFs and PDGFRs
7. Nerve Growth Factors
NT Signalling
Genetic Alterations in NT Receptors
Expression of NTs and Their Receptors in Cancer
8. Insulin-Like Growth Factors 87
Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Their Receptors 87
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors 87
Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins 87
IGF Signalling Pathways 88
IGF Signalling Interacts with Other Signalling Systems 90
The Interaction of Insulin and Growth Hormone with IGF Signalling 90
IGF Cross-Talk with Cell Proliferation and Migration Signalling 92
IGF Induces VEGF Expression and Vascularisation 93
Integration of Notch Signalling by IGF 95
IGF and the Morphogenetic Function of Wnt Proteins 96
Leptin Synergy with IGF Function 97
IGF Expression in Cancers 100
Modulation of Migration by IGFs and Their Receptors 102
9. Connective Tissue Growth Factor
CTGF in Wound Healing and Fibrosis
CTGF Expression Correlates with Cancer Progression and Prognosis
Is CTGF Involved in Osteotropic Metastasis?
Pro-angiogenic Effect of CTGF
Regulation of CTGF by TGF-β
10. Thrombospondins
TSPs in Cancer
11. Cytokines
Tumour Necrosis Factors
TNF， Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis
TNF， Angiogenesis， Cancer Invasion and Metastasis
Targeting TNF-α Function through MicroRNAs
Interleukins
Interleukins Induce Cell Motility
Angiogenic Effects of Interleukins
Interferons
IFNs in Cancer Progression
Cytokines and Myeloid Differentiation
Granulocyte-Macrophage (GM-CSF)， Granulocyte (G-CSF) and Macrophage (M-CSF) Colony-Stimulating Factors
Cytokines in Cancer Therapy
Chemokines
IFN-Induced Chemokines in Cancer Invasion
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)
MCP-1 Expression in Cancers
12. Growth Factor and Hedgehog Signalling Pathways Meet in Developmental Systems
The Hedgehog (Hh) Proteins
The Hh Signalling Cascade
Hh Homologues and Their Role in Morphogenesis
Co-operative Signalling by Hh and Growth Factors
TGF-β Family Ligands and Hh Signalling
FGF and Hh Signalling
13. Epidermal Growth Factors and Their Signalling Systems
Growth Factor Signal Transduction
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Family Ligands and Receptors
EGF Signalling Pathways
EGF Signalling through CD44
GPCRs in Growth Factor Signalling
The Wnt/β-catenin Pathway in Growth Factor Signalling
Hedgehog Signalling in EGFR Function
Negative Regulation of EGFR Signalling
Preferential Receptor Activation and Transactivation
Metastasis Suppressor Genes and Growth Factor Signalling
Nm23 Interaction with Growth Factor Function
Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Cancer
EGF Family Receptors in Cancer Therapy
Treatment of Triple-negative Breast Cancer
14. The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Family
Structure， Function and Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and EGF Receptor
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of EGF and Its Significance
Function of Transforming Growth factor (TGF)-α
Neuregulins (Heregulins)
Amphiregulin (AREG)
Differential Signalling by AREG
AREG in Cell Proliferation
AREG in Invasion and Metastasis
AREG Expression in Human Neoplasms
Epiregulin (EREG)
EREG Expression in Cancers
β-Cellulin (BTC)
BTC Expression in Cancers
Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor
HB-EGF Induces Angiogenesis
Influence of HB-EGF on Cell Motility and Invasion
HB-EGF in Cancer Progression
15. The Fibroblast Growth Factor Family
FGFs in the Development of the Central Nervous System and Neuronal Differentiation
FGF2 (Basic FGF)
FGF2-Mediated Promotion of Intercellular Adhesion
FGF2 and Promotion of Neurite Extension
FGF2 and Osteogenesis
FGFs 1 and 2 Regulate Cell Proliferation
FGFs I and 2 and the Induction of Angiogenesis
16. Intracellular Receptor Binding Growth Factors
17. The Androgens and Androgen Receptors in Development， Differentiation and Neoplasia
Androgen Receptor and Androgen-Responsive Elements
AR-Activated Signalling Pathways
AR Expression in Cancer Progression
Functional Integrity of AR and AR-Mediated Signalling
Interaction of Androgen and Growth Factor Signalling
18. Vitamin D3 in Cell Proliferation， Apoptosis and Differentiation
The VD3 Receptor， VDRs and VDR Response Elements
VDR Signalling in Cell Proliferation， Apoptosis and Differentiation
Modulation of Cell Adhesion and Motility
Collaborative Function of VDR and RA Receptors
19. Retinoids in Development and Pattern Formation
Retinoic Acid Receptors
RAR-Mediated Biological Effects
20. Oestrogens and Progesterone in Normal Physiology and Neoplasia
Receptor Mediation of Oestrogen and Progesterone Function
ER/PR in Cell Adhesion， Proliferation and Cross-talk with Growth Factor Signalling
ER Signalling and Cell Motility
ER and Cell Proliferation
ER/PR Cross-talk with Tumour Suppressor and
Promoter Signalling
The Trefoil Protein TFF1
TFF1， Cell Proliferation and Invasion
TFFs in Progression and Prognosis
21. Glucocorticoid Signalling in Normal and Aberrant Physiology
Glucocorticoid Receptors in Signalling
Effects of Glucocorticoids on Cell Function
Regulation of Cell Proliferation
Modulation of Extracellular Matrix Enzyme Systems
Glucocorticoids and Cancer Progression
Epilogue
References
