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Transcranial sonography in movement disorders / edited by Daniela Berg and Uwe Walter. — Amsterdam : Elsevier, c2010. – (59.58/P526/v.90) |
Contents
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
References
CONTENTS
PART I INTRODUCTION
Introductory Remarks on the History and Current Applications of TCS
References
Method and Validity of Transcranial Sonography in Movement Disorders
I. Introduction
II. History of TCS in Movement Disorders
III. Technical Equipment and System Settings
IV. TCS Image Resolution
V. Procedure of Standard TCS Examination in Movement Disorders
VI. Transtemporal Investigation
VII. Transfrontal Investigation
VIII. Causes of Hyperechogenicity of Deep Brain Structures
IX. Limitations of TCS in Movement Disorders
X. Validity and Reproducibility of TCS in Movement Disorders
XI. Conclusions
References
Transcranial Sonography-Anatomy
I. Three Standardized Planes
II. Measurements and typical pathological findings
References
PART II TRANSCRANIAL SONOGRAPHY IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Transcranial Sonography in Relation to SPECT and MIBG
I. Introduction
II. Dopamine Transporter-SPECT in Parkinson's Disease
III. Transcranial Sonography and DAT-SPECT in Parkinson's Disease.
IV. [123I]MIBG Myocardial Scintigraphy in Parkinson's Disease
V. Transcranial Sonography and [123I]MIBG Cardiac Scintigraphy
VI. Transcranial Sonography of Substantia Nigra: Toward the Future Development of Early or Preclinical Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
VII. Conclusion
References
Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease--Transcranial Sonography in Relation to MRI
I. Introduction
II. Neuroimaging with TCS and Conventional MRI Techniques
III. MRI Studies of the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson's Disease
IV. Structural Changes of the Substantia Nigra Revealed by MRI
V. Morphological and Biochemical Alterations of SN Assessed by TCS and MRI
VI. Correlation of MRI and TCS Findings of Substantia Nigra
References
Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
I. Difficulties in the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
II. Perspectives for Early Diagnosis of PD
References
Transcranial Sonography in the Premotor Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
I. Introduction
II. Prevalence of SN+ in Healthy Controls
III. Association of SN+ with Putative Premotor Symptoms of PD
IV. [18Fluoro] Dopa-PET in SN+ Healthy Controls
V. Longitudinal Clinical Follow-Up Studies
VI. Conclusion
References
Pathophysiology of Transcranial Sonography Signal Changes in the Human Substantia Nigra
I. Does Hyperechogenicity Reflect Death of Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons?
II. Does Hyperechogenicity Reflect a Low Substantia Nigra Cell Number?
III. Does Hyperechogenicity Reflect a Change in Nigra Volume or Tissue Composition?
IV. Does Hyperechogenicity Reflect a Change in Iron in the Substantia Nigra? Evidence from Animal Models and Human Postmortem Studies
V. Does Hyperechogenicity Reflect a Change in Iron in the Substantia Nigra? Evidence from Imaging Studies
References
Transcranial Sonography for the Discrimination of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease from the Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
I. Introduction
II. Diagnostic Criteria of Atypical Parkinsonism
III. Systematic Review of the Literature on TCS and Parkinsonism
IV. Discussion
V. Conclusion
VI. Acknowledgments
References
Transcranial Sonography in the Discrimination of Parkinson's Disease Versus Vascular Parkinsonism
I. Introduction
II. Vascular parkinsonism
III. TCS in the Differential Diagnosis of VP and PD
IV. Conclusion
References
TCS in Monogenic Forms of Parkinson's Disease
I. Introduction
II. Substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity in First-Degree Relatives of Sporadic PD Patients
III. Substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity in Monogenic Forms of PD
IV. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
PART III TRANSCRANIAL SONOGRAPHY IN OTHER MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND DEPRESSION
Transcranial Sonography in Brain Disorders with Trace Metal Accumulation
I. Introduction
II. Substantia Nigra Echogenicity and Iron Metabolism
III. Lenticular Nucleus Hyperechogenicity and Iron Accumulation
IV. Lenticular Nucleus Hyperechogenicity and Copper Accumulation ...
V. Lenticular Nucleus Hyperechogenicity and Manganese Accumulation
VI. Conclusion
References
Transcranial Sonography in Dystonia
I. Introduction
II. Pathophysiology
III. Neuroimaging in Dystonia
IV. TCS in Primary Dystonia
V. TCS in Secondary， Dystonia
VI. TCS in Patients with Herniated Cervical Disk
VII. TCS in Dystonia and Deep Brain Stimulation
VIII. Possible Causes of Hyperechogenicity of the LN in Dystonia
IX. Conclusions
References
Transcranial Sonography in Essential Tremor
I. Introduction Essential Tremor as a Diagnostic Challenge
II. Transcranial Sonography in the Differential Diagnosis of ET and PD
III. Conclusion
References
Transcranial Sonography in Restless Legs Syndrome
I. Restless Legs Syndrome
II. From Parkinson's Disease to RLS
III. Sonography of the Substantia Nigra in RLS
IV. Sonography of Other Structures in RLS
V. Special Instructions for TCS in RLS
VI. Summary
References
Transcranial Sonography in Ataxia
I. Introduction
II. Method of Transcranial Sonography ill Ataxia
III. TCS in Spinocerebellar Ataxia
IV. TCS in other Neurological Disorders with Ataxia
V. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Transcranial Sonography in Huntington's Disease
I. Introduction
II. Method of Transcranial Sonography in Huntington's Disease
III. Frequency of Abnormal TCS Findings in HD
IV. TCS Findings Related to Motor Features in HD
V. TCS Findings Related to Cognitive Features in HD
VI. TCS Findings Related to Psychiatric Features in HD
VII. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Transcranial Sonography in Depression
I. Transcranial Sonography in Depression First Findings and Implications
II. Method of Transcranial Sonography in Depressive Disorders
III. TCS Findings in Unipolar Depression and Depression Associated with Neurodegenerative Diseases and other Etiologies
IV. The Concept of the Basal Limbic System in Depression
V. MRI Studies Supporting TCS Findings and the Concept of the Basal Limbic System
VI. Postmortem Studies
VII. Conclusions and Further Perspectives
References
PART IV FUTURE APPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION
Transcranial Sonography-Assisted Stereotaxy and Follow-Up of Deep Brain Implants in Patients with Movement Disorders
I. Introduction
II. Advances in TCS Image Resolution
III. Technical and Safety Issues Concerning TCS of Brain implants
IV. TCS for Intraoperative Optimization of Implant Placement
V. TCS for Postoperative Position Control of Deep Brain implants
VI. Current Limitations and Future Issues
References
Conclusions
I. General Remarks.
II. Personal Remarks
INDEX
CONTENTS OF RECENT VOLUMES
