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Histologic basis of mouse endocrine system development : a comparative analysis / Matthew Kaufman, Alexander Yu Nikitin, John P. Sundberg. — Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC, c2009. – (59.191938/K21h) |
Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
The Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction
Background
General Approach Taken in This Volume
References
Chapter 2 The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland
Introduction
Development of the Adrenal Gland in the Human Embryo and Fetus
Gross Anatomy of the Postnatal and Adult Adrenal Gland in the Human
Adrenal Cortex
General Observations on the Zonation of the Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Blood Supply to the Adrenal Glands in the Human
Some of the Factors that Influence Human Adrenal Growth during the Prenatal Period
Steroid Production by the Adrenals and Gonads Sheds Light on Their Possible Role in the Onset of Puberty in Males and Females
Observations on the Adrenal Gland and Its Blood Supply in the Rat
Development of the Adrenal Gland in the Mouse
Anatomical Features of the Adrenal Gland in the Mouse
Histological Morphology of the Adrenal Gland in the Mouse
Morphology and Functional Activity of the Adrenal Medulla in the Mouse
Functional Activity of the Different Regions of the Adrenal Cortex in the Mouse
References
Chapter 3 The Pituitary Gland 33
Introduction 33
General Observations 33
Terminology 34
Information on the Early Development of the Pituitary Gland in the Human Embryo and Fetus 35
Pituitary Gland in Genetically Abnormal Human Conceptuses 37
Gross Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland in the Human Adult 37
The Blood Supply and Innervation of the Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus in the Human 38
Histological Appearance of the Various Parts of the Pituitary Gland in the Human 39
The Pituitary Gland in the Adult Rat 39
Prenatal Development of the Pituitary Gland in the Mouse 40
Histological Landmarks Associated with the Appearance of the Pituitary Gland at Sequential Stages of Development in the Prenatal Mouse 40
Gross Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland in the Adult Mouse 43
Histological Features of the Various Parts of the Pituitary Gland in the Mouse 44
The Control of Secretion of the Pituitary Hormones 45
The Molecular Factors Believed to Play a Role in the Establishment of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis 45
References 56
Chapter 4 The Thyroid Gland 59
Introduction
Evolution of the Mammalian Thyroid Gland
Development of the Thyroid Gland in the Human Embryo
Development of the Thyroid Gland in the Human Fetus and during the Pre-and Early Postnatal Period
Histological and Ultrastructural Morphology of the Thyroid Gland in the Human
Sites of Ectopic Thyroid Tissue
Development of the Thyroid Gland in the Mouse
Histological Features of Thyroid Gland Development in the Adult Mouse
The Thyroid Gland in the Adult Rat
Control of Thyroid Development in Mice
The Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Gland
References
Chapter 5 The Parathyroid Gland 81
Introduction 81
Origin of the Structures Derived from the Human Third Pharyngeal Pouches 81
Origin of Structures Derived from the Fourth Pharyngeal Pouches in the Human 83
Origin of the Single Pair of Parathyroid Glands Present in the Mouse 84
Parathyroid Glands Present in Other Rodents 89
Role of Neural Crest in Parathyroid Development 89
Observations on the Molecular Genetic Control of Mammalian Parathyroid Development 90
Histological and Ultrastructural Features of Parathyroid Glands
Cellular Morphology of the Prenatal Parathyroid Gland in the Human
Ultrastructural Morphology of the Parathyroid Gland in the Human
Ultrastructural Morphology of the Rat Parathyroid Gland
Ultrastructural Morphology of the Mouse Parathyroid Gland
Function of the Parathyroid Glands
References
Chapter 6 The Pancreas 99
Introduction
Development of the Exocrine Pancreas in the Human
Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas in the Adult Human
Histological Structure and Physiological Role of the Exocrine Pancreas
Comparative Observations on the Development of the Endocrine Pancreas..
Islet Formation in the Endocrine Pancreas in the Human
Islet Tissue in the Human Adult
Endocrine Secretion of the Islets of Langerhans
Development of the Pancreas in the Rat
Morphological Features of the Pancreas in the Adult Rat
General Observations on the Pancreas in the Mouse
Gross Morphology of the Pancreas in the Mouse
Development of the Islets during the Pre- and Early Postnatal Period
Studies Exclusively Involving the Endocrine Component of the Pancreas
References
Chapter 7 The Pineal Gland 135
Introduction
Embryological Features in Mammals
Prenatal Development of the Pineal Gland in Rodents
Ultrastructural Morphology of Cell Types in the Postnatal Rat Pineal Gland
Other Studies Undertaken on the Pineal Gland in the Rat
Exposure of Pre- and Early Postimplantation Stages of Mouse Development to Pineal Indoles
Development of the Pineal Gland in Staged Mouse Embryos
Studies That Have Been Carried Out with Postnatal Mice
Molecular Studies That Have Been Undertaken with Mice to Investigate Pineal Development and Morphology
Features of the Prenatal Pineal Gland of the Sheep
Development of the Pineal Gland in the Human
Histological Features of the Human Pineal Gland
Pineal Studies in Other Mammalian Species
Possible Clinical Applicability of Melatonin Based on Some of the Experimental Animal Findings
Biochemical Studies on Fetal and Neonatal Animals
Cellular Components That Correlate with the Hormonal Functions of the Pineal Gland 158
The Endocrine Functions of the Pineal Gland 158
References 159
Chapter 8 Development of the Mammalian Gonads and Reproductive Ducts during the So-Called "Indifferent" Stage as Well as during the Fetal and Neonatal Period 165
Introduction 165
Development of the Urogenital Ridges and Gonadal Differentiation 171
Primoridal Germ Cells 172
X Chromosome Inactivation in the Primordial Germ Cells and Their Derivatives 174
Fate of the Primordial Germ Cells in the Male and Female 175
Gonadal Differentiation 176
Features Associated with Early Ovarian Differentiation 176
Features of Early Testicular Differentiation 176
Origin of the Sertoli and Leydig Cells 177
Factors That Influence Gonadal Differentiation 178
Steroid Hormones Produced in the Developing Ovaries and Testes 179
Formation and Differentiation of the Genital Ducts 180
The Presence of Embryonic Vestiges in Both Sexes 182
References 182
Chapter 9 The Ovary 189
Introduction
Location of the Mammalian Ovaries
The Ovarian Bursa
Blood Supply to the Ovaries
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Gross and Microscopic Appearance of the Mammalian Ovary
Ovulation: Preliminary Observations
More Recent Observations
Role of Luteinizing Hormone in Inducing Ovarian Function
References
Chapter 10 The Testis 207
Introduction 207
Gross Variations in the Morphological Features of the Testes and Possible
Causes of Reduced Fertility in the Human Male 214
Gonadal Size in Rodents 215
Descent of the Testes 215
Germ Cell Differentiation within the Testis 217
Testicular Function during the Postnatal Period 217
Testicular Morphology and Function during the Postnatal Period in the Human 217
Testicular Morphology and Function during the Postnatal Period in Rodents 218
The Coagulating Gland in the Mouse 219
The Sertoli Cells 219
The Leydig Cells 220
References 221
Index 225
