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Chemistry for the life sciences / Raul Sutton, Bernard Rockett, Peter G. Swindells. — 2nd ed. — Boca Raton, Fla. : London : CRC ; Taylor & Francis [distributor], 2009. – (58.173/S967/2nd ed.) |
Contents
Contents
Preface
1 Elements， Atoms， and Electrons
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Matter and Elements
1.3 Atoms
1.4 Atomic Structure
1.5 Isotopes
1.6 The Periodic Table
1.7 Electron Structure of Atoms
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
2 Covalent Bonding and Molecules
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Interactions between Atoms
2.3 Covalent Bonds Are Formed by Sharing Outer Electrons
2.4 Formulae of Compounds
2.5 Covalent Bonds Formed by Combining Atomic Orbitals
2.6 Single Overlap， the Sigma-Bond
2.7 Double Overlap， the Pi-Bond
2.8 Molecules with o- and n-Bonds
2.9 Hybrid Molecular Orbitals
Summary
End-of-Chapter Questions
3 Forces Within and Between Molecules
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ionic Bonding
3.3 Polar Covalent Bonds
3.4 Dipole-Dipole Forces
3.5 The Hydrogen Bond
3.6 van der Waals Forces
3.7 The Hydrophobic Effect
3.8 Coordinate Bonds
Summary
End-of-Chapter Questions
4 Chemical Reactions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Rate of Reaction
4.3 Factors Affecting Rate of reaction
4.4 Rate Equations
4.5 Integrated Forms of rate Equations
4.6 Zero-Order Reactions
4.7 Integrated Form of the Zero-Order Rate Equation
4.8 First-Order Reactions
4.9 The Integrated Form of the First-Order Rate Equation
4.10 Second-Order Reactions
4.11 Integrated Forms of Second-Order Rate Equations
4.12 Pseudo-First-Order Reactions
4.13 Reversible Reactions
4.14 Equilibrium
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
5 Water
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Water Molecule
5.3 Ice
5.4 Water
5.5 Solutions
5.6 The Mole Concept
5.7 Calculating Molar Masses
5.8 Molarity
5.9 Colloidal Solutions
5.10 Diffusion and Osmosis
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
6 Acids， Bases， and Buffers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ionisation of Water
6.3 The Hydrogen Ion
6.4 Acids and Bases
6.5 Strong Acids and Strong Bases
6.6 Weak Acids and Weak Bases
6.7 Ka and Kb
6.8 Relationship between Ka and Kb
6.9 pH， pOH， pKw， pKa，pKb
6.10 Solutions of Weak Acids and Bases
6.11 Salts and Salt Hydrolysis
6.12 Buffer Systems
6.13 Calculating the pH Values of Buffers
6.14 Indicators
6.15 Titrations
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
7 Gases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pressure
7.3 Measurement of Pressure
7.4 Ideal Gas Laws
7.5 Partial Pressures
7.6 Solubility of Gases
7.7 Diffusion in Gases
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
8 Aliphatic Carbon Compounds
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Simple Molecules Containing Carbon
8.3 Organic Compounds
8.4 Alkanes and Alkyl Groups
8.5 Alkenes
8.6 Alcohols
8.7 Thiols
8.8 Aldehydes and Ketones
8.9 Carboxylic Acids
8.10 Amines
Summary
End-of-Chapter Questions
9 Lipids， Sugars， and Linkages between Reactive Groups
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fatty Acids
9.3 Esters
9.4 Glycerol Esters
9.5 Hemiacetals and Hemiketals
9.6 Simple Sugars
9.7 Chirality in Simple Sugars
9.8 Straight-Chain Sugars Spontaneously Form Rings
9.9 Sugar Hydroxyls Can Be Chemically Modified
9.10 Sugars Are Joined Together by Glycosidic Bonds
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
10 Aromatic Carbon Compounds and Isomerism
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Benzene
10.3 Bioactive Aromatic Compounds
10.4 Isomerism
10.5 Structural Isomerism
11 Organic and Biological Reaction Mechanisms
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Reactive Sites and Functional Groups
11.3 Describing Reaction Mechanisms
11.4 Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution
11.5 Electrophilic Addition to a Nonpolar Double Bond
11.6 Elimination to Form an Alkene
11.7 Nucleophilic Addition to a Polar Double Bond
11.8 Free Radical Reactions
11.9 Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation in Biosynthesis
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
12 Sulphur and Phosphorus
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Electron-Shell Structure and Valency of Phosphorus and Sulphur
12.3 Sulphur
12.4 The Thiol Group and Thiol Esters
12.5 Phosphate， Pyrophosphate， and Polyphosphate
12.6 Phosphate Esters
12.7 The Role of Phosphate Esters and ATP in Cellular Energy Metabolism
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
13 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Oxidation Is Linked to Reduction
13.3 The Chemical Changes in the REDOX Process
13.4 Splitting REDOX Reactions
13.5 Standardising REDOX Half-Reactions
13.6 Predicting Electron Flow
13.7 Free Energy and Standard Reduction Potentials
13.8 Redox Reactions and Nonstandard Conditions
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
14 Metals in Biology
14.1 Introduction
14.2 General Properties of Metals in Biology
14.3 Some Properties of Alkali Metals
14.4 The Alkaline Earth Metals
14.5 Transition Metals
14.6 Role of Metal as Oxygen Carrier
14.7 Metals Facilitate Biocatalysis
14.8 The Role of Metal Ions as Charge Carriers
14.9 The Toxicity of Metals
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
15 Energy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.3 Units of Energy
15.4 Measurement of Energy
15.5 Internal Energy， U， and Enthalpy， H
15.6 Calorimetry
15.7 Hess's Law
15.8 Enthalpies of Formation
15.9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
15.10 Free Energy
15.11 Interaction of AH with TAS
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
16 Reactions and Equilibrium
16.1 Introduction
16.2 AG and Equilibrium
16.3 Activation Energy
16.4 The Effect of the Temperature on Reaction Rate
16.5 The Arrhenius Equation
16.6 Catalysis
16.7 Enzyme Catalysis
16.8 Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions
16.9 Finding Vmax and KM
Summary
Suggested Further Reading
End-of-Chapter Questions
17 Light
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Light Is Part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
17.3 Wavelength and Frequency
17.4 The Quantum Theory of Light
17.5 The Absorption of Light
17.6 The Relationship between Light Absorption and Concentration
17.7 The Spectrophotometer
17.8 The Fate of Absorbed Light
