HIV-1 : molecular biology and pathogenesis : viral mechanisms / edited by Kuan-Teh Jeang. — 2nd ed. — Amsterdam : Elseiver Academic Press, c2008. – (63.3/A244/v.55)

Contents

    Contents
    
    HIV-I RNA Packaging
     I. Chapter Overview 1
     II. Introduction 2
     III. The Packaging Pathway 4
     IV. RNA/Protein Recognition for Encapsidation: Molecular and Structural Biology 9
     V. Conclusions 21
    Structure and Function of the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein as Entry Mediator， Vaccine Immunogen， and Target for Inhibitors
     I. Chapter Overview 33
     II. Introduction 34
     III. Structure of the Env (gp120-gp41) 35
     IV．Env Interactions with CD4 and Coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) Leading to Membrane Fusion 45
     V. Env Interactions with Antibodies 55
     VI. The Env as Vaccine Immunogen and Target for Inhibitors 68
     VII. Conclusions 79
    HIV-I Reverse Transcription: Close encounters between the Viral Genome and a Cellular tRNA
     I. Chapter Overview 99
     II. Introduction 100
     III. Reverse Transcription 100
     IV. Specificity of tRNA Primer Usage 104
     V. Identification of the PAS Motif 114
     VI. Proposed Mechanism of Primer Activation 116
     VII. HIV-1 Replication with a Nonself tRNA Primer Confirms the Importance of the PAS Motif 119
     VIII. Conclusions 125
     References 127
    Transcription of HIV: Tat and Cellular Chromatin
     I. Chapter Overview 137
     II. Introduction 138
     III. Integrated HIV-1 LTR and Cellular Chromatin 138
     IV. The HIV-1 Tat Protein and Its Modifications 142
     V. Tat-Mediated Transactivation 145
     VI. Conclusions 151
     References 152
    Posttranscriptional Control of HIV-I and Other Retroviruses and Its Practical Applications
     I. Chapter Overview 161
     II. Introduction 162
     III. HIV-1 Regulation of Gene Expression 165
     IV. Rev and Its Export Receptor CRM1 167
     V. Posttranscriptional Regulation of Other Complex Retroviruses 170
     VI. HIV-1 mRNAs Use Multiple Mechanisms to Express Many Proteins from One Transcript 171
     VII. Rev-Dependence of HIV-1 mRNAs 173
     VIII. Use of RNA Optimization to Achieve High Level of HIV-1 gag/pol and env Expression Plasmids 175
     IX. Posttranscriptional Control of Simple Retroviruses 177
     X. NXF1 178
     XI. Cellular CTEs 179
     XII. Posttranscriptional Control of LTR-Retroelements 180
     XIII. Comparison of RNA Export Systems 181
     XIV. Replacement of Rev Regulation Leads to SIV Attenuation 182
     XV. Conclusions 183
     References 183
    HIV Accessory Genes Vif and Vpu
     I. Chapter Overview 199
     II. Vif: A Potent Regulator of Viral Infectivity 200
     III. The HIV-1-Specific Vpu Protein 210
     References 221
    Interactions of HIV-I Viral Protein R with Host Cell Proteins
     I. Chapter Overview 233
     II. Introduction 234
     III. Effects of HIV-1 Vpr on Host Cellular Activities 235
     IV. Activation and Counteraction of Host Immune Responses by Vpr 248
     V. Development of Anti-Vpr Therapies 249
     References 250
    HIV-I Protease: Structure， Dynamics， and Inhibition
     I. Chapter Overview 261
     II. Introduction 262
     III. Mature Protease. Structure， Dynamics， and Relationship to Function 265
     IV. Active Site Inhibitors and Drug Resistance 272
     V. Dissociation of the Mature Protease Dimer and Characterization of the Monomeric Structure 278
     VI. Insights into the Structure of the Protease Precursor and Its Maturation 286
     References 292
    Properties， Functions， and Drug Targeting of the Multifunctional Nucleocapsid Protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
     I. Chapter Overview 299
     II. The NC Protein: the Story So Far 300
     III. The Structure of HIV-1 NC 301
     IV. The Network of NC Functions 309
     V. The Role of NC in HIV-1 Assembly 316
     VI. The Role of NC in HIV-1 Variability and Fitness 320
     VII. Anti-NC Drug Screening 324
     VIII. Conclusions and Future Prospects 326
     References 330
    Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Assembly， Release， and Maturation
     I. Chapter Overview 347
     II. Overview of HIV-1 Assembly， Release， and Maturation 348
     III. Multimerization of Gag to Form the Structural Framework of the Immature Virus Particle 351
     IV. Encapsidation of the Viral RNA Genome 356
     V. Trafficking Virion Components to the Site of Assembly 358
     VI. Acquisition of a Lipid Bilayer and Associated Env Glycoproteins 362
     VII. Virus Particle Release 364
     VIII. Generating a Mature Infectious Virion 368
     IX. HIV Assembly and Maturation as Targets for New Antiretroviral Drugs 371
     References 373
    Role of Nef in HIV-I Replication and Pathogenesis
     I. Chapter Overview 389
     II. Introduction 390
     III. Nef and HIV-1 Infection of PBMCs 392
     IV. Nef Studies in Human Thymic Systems 393
     V. Mechanism of Nef Enhancement of Replication and Pathogenesis 394
     VI. Conclusions 401
     References 402
    Treatment Implications of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-I
     I. Chapter Overview 411
     II. Introduction 412
     III. What is the Latent Reservoir?
     IV. Resistance: Mechanism of Storage in the Latent Reservoir and Its Clinical Implications 416
     V. Genotypic and Phenotypic Assays: Treatment Implications of the Latent Reservoir
     VI. Drug Development: Taking the Latent Reservoir into Account 418
     VII. Conclusions 422
     References 422
    RNA Interference and HIV-I
     I. Chapter Overview 427
     II. Introduction 428
     III. siRNA as Anti-HIV Therapy 430
     IV. HIV-1 Remodels Cellular miRNA Expression in Infected Cells 431
     V. Does HIV-1 Encode miRNAs? 433
     VI. Future Perspectives 434
     References 436
    Index 439
    Contents of Previous Volumes 45