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HIV-1: molecular biology and pathogenesis : clinical applications/ edited by Kuan-Teh Jeang. — 2nd ed. — Amsterdam : Elsevier Academic Press, c2008. – (63.3/A244/v.56) |
Contents
Contents
Contributors xi
Preface written by Robin A. Weiss xv
Global Molecular Epidemiology of HIV: Understanding the Genesis of AIDS Pandemic
I. Chapter Overview 1
II. Introduction 2
III. Genotype Classification of HIVs 4
IV. Global Distribution of HIV Genotypes 9
V. Methods for Identifying HIV Genetic Forms 11
VI. Origin of HIVs and Genesis of HIV-1 Pandemic 13
VII. Biological Significance of HIV-1 Variability and Recombination
VIII. Conclusions 18
References 18
Current Clinical Treatments of AIDS
I. Chapter Overview 27
II. HIV Medications 28
III. HIV Treatment 52
IV. Conclusion 63
References 63
HIV-I-Specific Immune Response
I. Introduction 75
II. Humoral HIV-1-Specific Response 77
III. HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses 78
References 87
Targeting HIV Attachment and Entry for Therapy
I. Chapter Overview 93
II. Background 94
III. Inhibition of Viral Attachment 95
IV. Chemokine Receptors in HIV Infection 98
V. Targeting Coreceptor Binding 99
VI. Fusion Inhibitors 107
VII. Resistance to Inhibitors of Viral Entry 109
VIII. Use Entry Inhibitors as Microbicides 110
References 111
Inhibitors of HIV-I Reverse Transcriptase
I. Chapter Overview 121
II. Introduction 122
III. The Target 123
IV. Nucleoside RT Inhibitors 127
V. Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) 140
VI. Other Inhibitors of HIV-1 RT 150
VII. Conclusion 154
References 154
Development of Protease Inhibitors and the Fight with Drug-Resistant HIV-I Variants
I. Chapter Overview 169
II. Introduction 170
III. Targeting Viral Protease 170
IV. The Role of PIs and Challenges in HAART 174
V. "Boosting": A Critical Modification of Clinical Efficacy of Pls 175
VI. Viral Resistance to PIs 176
VII. PIs with Activity Against Drug-Resistant HIV-1 182
VIII. Conclusions 189
References 191
HIV-I Integrase Inhibitors: Update and Perspectives
I. Chapter Overview 199
II. Foreword 200
III. Integration: A Crucial Step in the HIV Life Cycle 200
IV. Approaches to Inhibit HIV Integration 210
V. Inhibitors in Clinical Trials 216
VI. Inhibitors in Preclinical Development 217
VII. Perspectives 218
References 219
Topical Microbicides: A Promising Approach for Controlling the AIDS Pandemic via Retroviral Zinc Finger Inhibitors
I. Chapter Overview 229
II. The AIDS Pandemic and the Rationale for a Microbicide 230
III. Topical Microbicides in Preclinical Development 232
IV. Characteristics of an Ideal Microbicide 237
V. The Retroviral Zinc Fingers of HIV-1 NCp7 as a Potential Microbicide Target 238
VI. Characteristics of the SAMT Chemotype 240
VII. Application of Thioesters for Microbicides 244
VIII. Target Specificity of the SAMT NCp7 Inhibitors 246
IX. Conclusions 249
X. Addendum 250
References 251
Viral Drug Resistance and Fitness
I. Chapter Overview 257
II. Introduction 258
References 283
Gene Therapy to Induce Cellular Resistance to HIV-I Infection: Lessons from Clinical Trials
I. Chapter Overview 297
II. Introduction: Do We Need HIV-1 Gene Therapy? 298
III. Gene Therapy of HIV Infection: Lessons from Early Clinical Trials 300
IV. Gene Therapy of HIV Infection: Current Developments 306
V. Gene Therapy for HIV Infection: Where Are We Heading? 314
References 317
Identification of Potential Drug Targets Using Genomics and Proteomics: A Systems Approach
I. Chapter Overview 327
II. Introduction 328
III. Viral Targets 329
IV. Cellular/Viral Protein-Protein Interactions 331
V. Viral-Induced Cellular Alterations 343
VI. Other Approaches 351
VII. Conclusion 354
References 355
Rapid Disease Progression to AIDS due to Simian immunodeficiency virus Infection of Macaques: Host and Viral Factors
I. Chapter Overview 369
II. Introduction 370
III. SIV Strain Diversity 371
IV. Biology of SIV 371
V. Pathogenesis of SIV in Macaques 373
VI. Unique Immunologic， Virological， and Pathological Features of Rapid Disease 377
VII. Host Factors That Influence Disease Progression 383
VIII. Role of Virus Genotype/Phenotype in Rapid Disease Progression 384
IX. Summary 388
References 389
Nonprimate Models of HIV-I Infection and Pathogenesis
I. Chapter Overview 399
II. Introduction 400
III. SCID-Hu Thy/Liv Mice 401
IV. The hu-PBL-SCID Mouse 405
V. NOD/LtSz-SCID Mice 407
VI. Rag2-/-γC-/- and NOD-SCID Γc-/- Mice 408
VII. Humanized Immune Competent Mice and Rats 409
VIII. HIV-1 Tg Mice 410
IX. Rabbit Model of HIV Pathogenesis 412
X. Conclusion 413
References 413
Perspectives for a Protective HIV- I Vaccine
I. Chapter Overview 423
II. Introduction 424
III. Current Strategies in Developing an HIV-1 Vaccine 429
IV. Concluding Remarks 441
References 442
Molecular Mechanisms of HIV-I Vertical Transmission and Pathogenesis in Infants Nafees Ahmad
I. Chapter Overview 453
II. Introduction 454
III. Timing and Mechanism of HIV-1 Vertical Transmission 456
IV. Factors Associated with HIV-1 Vertical Transmission 458
V. HIV-1 Infection Diagnosis in Neonates and Infants 460
VI. Prevention of HIV-1 Vertical Transmission 460
VII. Characterization of HIV-1 Associated with Vertical Transmission 462
VIII. Chemokine Receptors and HIV-1 Vertical Transmission 464
IX. Molecular Properties of HIV-1 from Mother-Infant Pairs Associated with Vertical Transmission 465
X. Characterization of Functional Domains of HIV-1 Genes Associated with Vertical Transmission 470
XI. Properties of HIV-1 Associated with Lack of Vertical Transmission 478
XII. Analysis of Immunologically Relevant Mutations in HIV-1 Isolates Associated with Vertical Transmission 481
XIII. Mechanisms of HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Disease Progression in Infants 485
XIV. The Future 491
References 492
The Viral Etiology of AIDS-Associated Malignancies
I. Chapter Overview 509
II. Introduction 510
III. Kaposi's Sarcoma 512
IV. AIDS-Associated Lymphomas 520
V. AIDS-Associated NHL 524
VI. HPV-Associated Cancers 527
VII. HPV--The Causative Agent 529
VIII. Conclusions 538
References 539
Index 559
Contents of Previous Volumes 575
Color Plate Section at the end of the book
