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Biocatalysts and Enzyme Technology / Klaus Buchholz, Volker Kasche, Uwe T. Bornscheuer — Weinheim : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, c2005.—(58.25/B919) |
Contents
Contents
1 Introduction to Enzyme Technology 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Goals and Potential of Biotechnological Production Processes 2
1.3 Historical Highlights of Enzyme Technology/Applied Biocatalysis
1.4 Biotechnological Processes: The Use of Isolated or Intracellular Enzymes as Biocatalysts 14
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzyme-Based Production Processes 15
1.6 Goals， and Essential System Properties for New or Improved Enzyme Processes 19
1.7 Exercises 24
Literature 25
2 Basics of'Enzymes as Biocatalysts 27
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Enzyme Classification 29
2.3 Enzyme Synthesis and Structure 31
2.4 Enzyme Function and its General Mechanism 34
2.5 Free Energy Changes and the Specificity of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 40
2.6 Equilibrium- and Kinetically Controlled Reactions Catalyzed by Enzymes 42
2.7 Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 46
2.8 End-points of Enzyme Processes and Amount of Enzyme Required to Reach the Endpoint in a Given Time 65
2.9 Enzyme-catalyzed Processes with Slightly Soluble Products and Substrates 71
2.10 Stability， Denaturation， and Renaturation of Enzymes 78
2.11 Better Enzymes by Natural Evolution， in vitro Evolution， or Rational Enzyme Engineering 80
2.12 Exercises 100
Literature 104
3 Enzymes in Organic Chemistry 109
3.1 Introduction 109
3.2 Examples 111
3.3 Exercises 163
Literature 164
4 Enzyme Production and Purification 171
4.1 Introduction 172
4.2 Enzyme Sources 173
4.3 Improving Enzyme Yield 177
4.4 Increasing the Yield of Periplasmic and Extracellular Enzymes 180
4.5 Downstream Processing of Enzymes 186
4.6 Exercises 192
Literature 194
5 Application of Enzymes in Solution: Soluble Enzymes and Enzyme Systems 197
5.1 Introduction and Areas of Application 198
5.2 Space-Time-Yield and Productivity 203
5.3 Examples for the Application of Enzymes in Solution 208
5.4 Membrane Systems and Processes 227
5.5 Exercises 234
Literature 238
6 Immobilization of Enzymes (Including Applications) 243
6.1 Principles 244
6.2 Carriers 248
6.3 Binding Methods 258
6.4 Examples: Application of Immobilized Enzymes 262
6.5 Exercises 275
Literature 279
7 Immobilization of'Microorganisms and Cells 283
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 Immobilization by Aggregation/Flocculation 287
7.3 Immobilization by Entrapment 291
7.4 Adsorption 301
7.5 Adhesion 302
7.6 Outlook: Designed Cells 321
7.7 Exercises 325
8 Characterization of Immobilized Biocatalysts 333
8.1 Introduction 334
8.2 Factors Influencing the Space-Time Yield of Immobilized Biocatalysts 334
8.3 Effectiveness Factors for Immobilized Biocatalysts 336
8.4 Mass Transfer and Reaction 338
8.5 Space-Time Yields and Effectiveness Factors for Different Reactors 343
8.6 Determination of Essential Properties of Immobilized Biocatalysts 347
8.7 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Data for Immobilized Biocatalysts
8.8 Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts for Enzyme Processes in Aqueous Suspensions 359
8.9 Improving the Performance of Immobilized Biocatalysts 362
8.10 Exercises 363
Literature 365
9 Reactors and Process Technology 369
9.1 Types of Reactors 371
9.2 Case Study 1: The Enzymatic Production of 7-ACA from Cephalosporin C 381
9.3 Residence Time Distribution， Mixing， Pressure Drop and Mass Transfer in Reactors 392
9.4 Process Technology 404
9.5 Exercises 413
Literature 414
Appendix Ⅰ<br> The World of Biotech nology I nformation: Eight Points for Reflecting on Your Information Behavior 419
1 Thinking About Your Information Behavior 419
2 Playing with Databases and Search Terms 420
3 Tutorials， Subject Gateways and Literature Guides 420
4 Using Your Local Library 421
5 Using Encyclopedias 421
6 Searching JournalArticles， Patents， and Data 421
7 After Searching: Evaluating and Processing Information 425
8 Information and the World 426
Literature 426
Appendix II
Symbols 427
Subject Index 431
